The great secret of Islam - the hidden history of Islam revealed
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The destruction of the temple of Jerusalem
The idea of a Jewish kingdom to whom God would give the victory and domination over the whole world is gaining ground, while seditious groups, supported by the gold of the temple authorities, increasingly oppose the Romans. The religious-political turmoil led to conflagration. In 66 starts the Great Revolt, the first "Jewish war". It will imply a terrible repression by the Roman occupiers. The legions commanded by Titus, son of Emperor Vespasian (later emperor himself) will gradually reduce their opponents, and soon, in '68, they laid siege around Jerusalem. Romans ordered Jews who do not support the insurgency to withdraw from the theater, thus all Christian Jews then leave town, remembering the words of Jesus "When you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies ..." . From April 70, the legions begin to recapture the town from the insurgents, who are more disunited than ever (even the most fanatical fight them, similar to Jihadists today). In August, the last illuminated entrench themselves around the temple, which caught fire (accidentally, according to Josephus). The defeat is complete, except for the episode of the fortress of Masada, taken 3 years later. Shortly after the takeover of the city by the Romans, judeo-christians, and the inhabitants who had not participated in the war had left Jerusalem in time.
Daily life continues agin, after all the city was not too damaged. But the temple, the place of God's presence, for his worship and sacrifice was destroyed and ransacked. And because it had become a symbol of Jewish nationalism, the Romans did not want it to be rebuilt. The kingdoms of Israel and governorates lose their political autonomy and become the imperial province of Judea. The loss of the temple is especially the cataclysm of cataclysms in the eyes of non-Christian Jews. They still cry, especially in front of the Wailing Wall. This disaster captures and transforms the various religious movements that opposed eachother since the preaching of Jesus and his apostles.
Luke 21,20
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So what becomes Christianity? In the eyes of Christians, this loss led to definitively turning the page on the former place of God's presence. "The new alliance" desired by Jesus and predicted by the prophets must extend to all humanity. In this alliance now open to all, Christians Jews have a special role to play, as the skeleton of this new "body." They are no longer separated from the others by the ruthless laws of purity and impurity. Thus, the churches founded by the apostles in Rome, in the East and in the world, develop themselves in a continuation and fulfillment of Israel's history -such is the belief of all the apostolic church communities. What happens to non-Christian Jews? With the national dream being crushed by the Roman powers, they find themselves shaken in their hopes, deprived of temple and cult, deprived of high priests and all the priestly caste was massacred or fled, they are profoundly questioned by the adherence to the Christian message by many Jews. All that remains are their sacred texts, application of the "Law" and weekly liturgies in small groups ... or to invest in new delusional and even more radical political-religious projects a second confrontation with the Romans will burst in Judea in 132, after a series of riots and revolts in 115-117 (Kitos War), fed by the diaspora of the Parthian Empire throughout the East. The messianism of this second Jewish-Roman war was said to be even more pronounced than the one that led to the destruction of the temple 62 years ago Bar Kochba, the instigator and leader is considered the "true messiah" by his Jewish supporters, who want to restore a Jewish state in Judea and restore the temple. It shows an anti-Judeo-Christian character that is even more pronounced, since Bar Kochba going even as far as to crucify Christians. This "second Jewish war", funded by the Parthians, will be even more deadly than the first one and the consequences will be terrible it will lead to the devastation of the sacred land of Israel due to the scorched earth tactics used by the Romans and the final expulsion of the Jews of Jerusalem which is destroyed in 135 (and rebuilt in the Roman fashion with a temple dedicated to Jupiter instead of the former Temple). Jerusalem is then forbidden to Jews on pain of death. In response, non-Christian Jews gradually polarized into two groups. The first and most important one is that of the branch of Pharisees, who reorganized in Yavneh from the late first century and in Babylon in the Parthian world after 'the Second Jewish War ". Not considering its cult, it accepts more or less in defeat the end of religion and priests of the temple; in its place, there are the synagogues and rabbis. It focuses entirely on the "Law" and comments the reform of rabbinic Judaism. Christianity is severely condemned and the figure of the rabbi Jesus is reviled; interpretation of ancient texts is denied. This current will even introduce curseful anti-Judeo-Christian daily prayers. In the name of an oral law or "oral Torah," the former interpretations of the scriptures are kept or changed depending on the case, which will give birth first to the Mishna and then to the Talmud from Jerusalem and Babylon, being comments on this Mishna. They will be written respectively in the 4th and 5th centuries and join the Torah and other books under the category of sacred scriptures, even by monopolizing their precedence (by "covering" - we will see later how this detail will be important).
Another less known Jewish group is centered around the priestly families who did not support the first Jewish war, who had withdrawn from the Jewish communities of Crimea. The link between this group and the future Khazar kingdom (centered on the Volga, southern Russia today) is debated , it is primarily a sensitive subject because this movement has longtime rejected the Talmud. Khazaria becomes an empire that will last until the 13th century, bringing together diverse peoples among which the Khazars, of Mongolian origin; but this empire will be led by Jewish families, which explains many Khazars adherence to official Judaism. "Conversion" of the Khazar kings in the 7th century to a non-Talmudic Judaism out of nowhere is a late legend intended to conceal an awkward reality the Khazars are essentially the ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews (many of those in Israel today). Lets ignore these hypersensitive debates and remember that the fashion of speaking about Judaism as a homogenous reality throughout history of the Hebrew people before, during and after the time of Jesus, and as an external reality outside Christianity is an insult to history. Judaism and Christianity are however not the only currents that emerged in the history of these events simultaneously. Following the preaching of Jesus and his apostles, following the death and destruction that came with the Jewish wars, post-Christian phenomena will take shape which will systematically infringe the apostolic message to monopolize power and reap the benefits.
The publication of the book by Shlomo Sand how the Jewish people was invented has led to a lively debate
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The post-Christian phenomena
Let's go back a little. We have seen how the message brought by the apostles moved mankind deeply. It will soon be coveted, especially after the destruction of the temple, a time when the quest for meaning has never been stronger. The image of "savior", the "Messiah Jesus" is recovered and forged the savior of humanity will not be him, but those who claim to be in his place, if not in his name. This is a major feature of the post-Christian phenomena who always claim to have the true interpretation of the Christian message (which Christians would have corrupted with the Apostles). Two post-Christian movements have taken shape towards the end of the first century. The second will be of particular interest, but we should at least briefly discuss the first. The first are Gnostic branches, often referred to under the generic term gnosis (term simply meaning "knowledge" in Greek, but to which the Greek Christian apologists have attached a sense of counterfeit faith). According to Bishop Irenaeus of Lyon (?
202), they have a unique origin in the perversion of the Christian message. Anyway, they look all forms of personal self-realization; I am my own savior.In this scheme, Jesus was the one who paved the way, he is only a forerunner. The attraction of gnosis is that it promises access to the divine, directly, outside of history and history of a particular people. Did Jesus not promise his followers to fill each with a divine spirit, a spirit of freedom, "the Holy Spirit "? Don't amazing phenomena sometimes appear in the middle of Christian meetings? This desire to monopolize the divine will be split into many rival movements sometimes pseudo-centered knowledge systems, sometimes centered on magical practices, but always taking freedom as an absolute (sexual licentiousness is often advocated as a way to self-realization). From the standpoint of the organization, these currents are multifaceted, ranging from a structure based on some "gurus" imitating the Christian organization to very structured phenomena of ideological thinking. .
The other great post-Christian branch is global messianism it is the will to establish on earth today or tomorrow, a general collective salvation. This will take during the course of history many forms , from the first idea to wanting to establish the Kingdom of God on earth which had sprung to life to some wanting to monopolize these new ideas preached by Jesus and his apostles. Whatever its concrete avatars, this will is still justified by the pretense of holding a revelation or program, key to a bright future and "key to the story." If this drift is inspired by the possibility of a collective salvation preached by the apostles, then it is totally in disagreement with it they have not advanced any policy or recipe ready to establish a perfect world on earth. And if Jesus hinted towards collective salvation, he always does so in connection with the announcement of his own return, his coming in glory (at "Judgment Day". Those who believe in his return are engaged in preparing the return, and if their actions in this world can bear fruits of peace and progress at all, it is only foreshadowing a coming kingdom, that is to say, imperfect and often ephemeral sketches of a future society free from the grip of evil. To the apostles and their followers, for Christians, only God can liberate from evil, no man, even if he is of the best intentions in the world. Man must still agree to trust God and wait for the completion of the current time. This is what Messianists refuse no question of waiting on a hypothetical salvation, we must build it here and now. The initial messianic movement born from the entourage of the first judeo-christian communities, of which some had recognized Jesus as the Messiah expected by the Hebrews, did not accept that he could be submitted, die and be crucified. Instead they never wanted to give up their interpretations of the Biblical prophecy, the expectation that the Messiah King becomes reality, frees Israel of the occupying Romans and establish them above all the nations. In a world where evil is equated with the breach of Jewish law, the impure, the non-Jew, the perversion of the idea of salvation will equate liberation from evil as the liberation from the impure. In the same logic, the supremacy hoped for Israel, promised by God will be gradually perverted into a politico-religious program for the eradication of the wicked directed by God himself, by his messiah, or by those who will do so on his behalf
Our consumption society is still very much like this spirit of individualism and elitism, disdain for future generations and the world, self-centrism.
The Jewish nationalism that led to the Jewish-Roman wars was a precursor for those to come without even embracing all the features (it lacked the dimension of "key to the story". Many messianisms will grow after it throughout history for example the Anabaptist movement of the 16th century, ill?narismes, messianism of american "pilgrim fathers", "Enlightenment", the Republican messianism of the French Revolution, the project "World of America" and its avatars Communism, Nazism, the ideology of progress and scientism, globalism, and we shall see, Islam
This is apparent, among other things, in analysis of the manuscripts of the Dead Sea proposed by Edouard-Marie Gallez in Messiah and His Prophet
(we read an overview on its website) some messianic texts were found in different versions, showing a rewrite of work that reflects the appearance of the development of the messianic stream) -
The episode of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem will play a decisive role in the formation of this messianic movement. It will form the faith of some judeo-christians, who witnessed these events and were left frustrated not having assisted in the announced return of the "Messiah Jesus." He had indeed predicted he "would raise the temple" why didn't "Judgment Day" come while all the conditions seem fulfilled? Surely, the temple has indeed been destroyed, and the authorities of the temple were discarded. The Romans indeed punished the rebels (including Zealots) and the authorities of the temple, who had served God to benefit themselves and who had killed the "Messiah Jesus," James the Just and others. These questions hade a huge effect on some judeochristians and some Jews; the answers they will find will nourish their messianism and help shape their political-religious program. Among the Hebrews of Jerusalem some had perished in the first Jewish war, but many others were able to escape. In 68-69, we recall that the Romans had indeed ordered noncombatant Jews to leave Jerusalem, before taking control. And among these, we find the judeochristians led by Bishop Simon - and next to them, the Judeo-Christian Messianists from the crucible of Jerusalem . They leave together to the north in exile, to the Golan Heights, Syria. The destruction of the temple in 70 seems to have caused a division among their ranks after this event, the Jews who are "truly Christian", will return to settle in Jerusalem, Judea, and beyond. But some diehards refuse it and seperate themselves at that time from the Christian community, remaining in exile and establishing their radical rupture with Judeo-Christianity. Their hope of "Judgement Day" will be realized in a dramatic, even monstrous way. Against the teaching of the Apostles (they were not even all dead at that time), they began to imagine a worldwide program of salvation to achieve in a politico-religious perspective - and therefore also warlike. A program focused on "raising the temple" in which they will then assign themselves responsibility, instead of what they imagined to be the role of the "Messiah Jesus." These first "believers" in a plenary messianic faith were these ex-judeochristians who did not return to Judea after 70, who turned away from the faith of the apostles and who built their own vision of salvation in this vision, they took the place of the "Savior" themselves and they saw themselves as called to save and to dominate the world by eradicating the bad guys. These are the judeonazarenes.
Who are the Judeo-Nazarenes?
Historical work has brought to light an ever more detailed knowledge of this group that will prove to be so important through the influence it will have at the end of the first century on its surroundings and under various different forms. As an ethnically Jewish group (and using the Aramaic language, like the Hebrews), they became known as the "Nazarenes" (thus "judeo-nazarene". This name was given first to Jesus himself, according to what was written at the top of the cross (the titulus Crucis), back then during a short time, by his disciples. As it later denotes one or more separate groups of Hebrew judeo-christians, this name became rather fuzzy in the writings of ancient Western authors; a more accurate designation was necessary, that of "judeo-nazarenes" since it distantly recalls the Judean origin of this group. They are therefore Messianist Jews followers who diverted from Jesus' apostles, who saw nothing else in the Judeo-Christian revelation but the way to achieve a political and religious dream. During their exile in Syria, their religious doctrine will develop, isolating them and this will eventually trigger a cascade of events that will change the face of the world.
This religious doctrine stemmed from an elaborate system of justification the judeo-nazarenes consider themselves the true Jews and as the only true followers of Jesus. As Jews, they scrupulously preserve the ancestral articulated customs and laws in reverence of the holy scriptures, the Torah. They also retain the veneration of the temple, although destroyed for the moment, the veneration of the promised land and of the "ethnic" Jewish people, as the people chosen by God. This election, however, relates to them alone because they see themselves as the only true and Jews in the continuity of what they "ethnically" are while standing in opposition to the Pharisee movement who brought rabbinic reform as we have mentioned. Indeed, unlike the others, they recognized in Jesus the Messiah foretold by the scriptures, coming to free the holy land, restoring the kingdom, restoring the true faith (by chasing the Jewish authorities who were corrupted by the Romans) and true temple worship (which he wasn't able to do), in short, free and save the world. Unjustly condemned, it was not executed because he has been happily removed by God to "Heaven" wherefrom he will return to head the troops when the appropriate time comes to conclude its mission. As such the "kingdom of God on earth" will arrive. They see evidence of the truth of their belief and the correctness of their reproach against the "infidel Jews" in the failure of successive failed insurgencies against the Romans and the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, God repudiated and punished all these false Jews! They also consider themselves true Christians in contrast to all those who followed the apostles, refusing to believe that Jesus could die crucified (and rise) and therefore that the divine presence is truly in him. They believe that Jesus meanwhile was removed by God and awaits his return. This reinterpretation of the testimony of the apostles, therefore denies that Jesus was "raised from the dead" (which would contradict the prediction of Jesus in which judeo-nazarenes want to believe being the announcement of a physical rebuilding of the temple - see note 37 ). So they accuse the judeo-christians of being deceived, of being misled. Yet they possessed the testimony of the apostles duplication of sources indicates that the gospel of their liturgy was the Gospel of Matthew , in Aramaic of course (similar to the judeo-christians and the Church of the East Assyrian-Chaldean up to the present day). However, they subjected it to their own changes to base their doctrine with. Because of course, neither in this gospel as it has been preserved by the judeo-christians nor in the other three, is it expected that a Messiah would "finish the job" he had not been able to complete because of the opposition of the religious authorities of the temple namely rebuild the temple, lead the armies formed by the true believers, the elect, to defeat the forces of evil and definitively establish the kingdom of justice and happiness on earth.
What the New Testament testifies about, which includes the four Gospels, is the hopes of the apostles of a "glorious coming" of Jesus. It is not just a coming to earth but above it and everywhere, so as to be seen by all. The circumstances of such an event are rather difficult to imagine, but the assocation with a "judgment" is clear in view of the apostles, the confrontation with this vision that can not be denied will force everyone to take a stand, and therefore to be judged by the "just judge" who is Jesus.
"Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up" - is the verse that is found almost identically in Mark 14,58, Matthew 26,61 and John 2.19 - John says just after the temple that Jesus meant this was his own body (resurrection), as Christians say. This precision that is not found in the other Gospels (Matthew and Mark, cited above) clearly indicates an expectation existed then of the physical reconstruction of the temple by Jesus himself, returning to earth for exactly that.
According to the historical writings of Eusebius and Epiphanius.
Still according to the historical writings of Eusebius and Epiphanius, and also by the study of other Church Fathers who refuted heresies (St. Jerome), and the recent archaeological research (excavation Farj and Er-Ramthaniyy?, in eastern Golan)
Church Fathers mention it as the Gospel of the Nazarenes, or Gospel of the Hebrews; Theodoret of Cyrus in particular identified it as the Gospel of Matthew, altered by its judeo-nazarene environment and conservation. -
Of course, judeo-nazarenes fundamentally deny the divine dimension of Jesus. They accuse judeo-christians to have "associated" with God a Son and Holy Spirit. Instead they say "I testify that God is one and there is no god except Him" ! The distance is enormous between what the apostles taught and messianic interpretation that judeonazarenes have made. This shows already a certain kinship between this interpretation and Muslims profession of their faith ... True Jews and true Christians, and judeonazarenes cleverly refer back to rabbinic Jews and Christians, by standing above them. As the True Jews and true Christians, they see themselves as unique and as the true heirs of Abraham, the "Pure". Their settlement in Syria on the Golan Heights, and later to the north of Aleppo - always removed from pagans and the impure - is experienced as a form of new exodus in the desert. Similar to the Hebrew people coming out of Egypt led by Moses and it is a time of purification and preparation. Wine will be banned to all those devoted to God until the day of return of the Messiah. Their "masses" will be celebrated by priests with water instead of wine. Thus Clement of Alexandria says about them in the 3rd century "heretics who use bread and water in the offering, outside of the rules of the Church. Because there are some celebrating the Eucharist with pure water "(Stromata, I, 96). Purifying oneself is only a prerequisite in the jud?onazarene ambition to purify the world to save it from its evil and its injustice. Their "recipe for the perfect world on Earth" includes the reconquest and purification of the sacred land (Israel), the holy city (Jerusalem), so that the pure have access to the holy places, rebuild the holy temple in the conditions of purity required and perform rituals and sacrifices. This is how the return of the messiah will be realized. And with the Messiah at their head, the judeonazarenes save the world from its evil, its injustice even from themselves if necessary. In this vision, we see that this divides the world into two confronting sides of humanity those who work to salvation and those who oppose it. The pure and the impure. In the light of this ideological vision, of this surreality, morality manifests itself everything that contributes to the project is fit, just, true, noble, everything that hinders it is considered bad, awful, reprehensible, wrong, to be destroyed. Also considered bad is everything that deviates from the project. Women, for example, considered as temptresses, turn away the righteous from their struggle. One can imagine what will become their status and the subjection it will impose Similarly, any movement diverging from pure faith, any dissenting thoughts are absolutely to be fought. And beyond this messianic worldview feeds a system of self-justification particularly perverse "I am pure in an impure world, in fact there waiting for my purity and so I am a victim, I must purify the world but he resists me - this is proof of its impurity and purity of my ". Moreover this messianic worldview nurtures a particularly perverse system of self-justification "I am pure in an impure world, it is attacking my purity and so I am a victim, I must purify the world but it resists me - this is the proof of their impurity and my purity."
This has the same characteristics as schizophrenia deny , indeed, retreating into a fantasy world, repressing reality, can only lead to severe delusions of persecution. The judeonazarenes (also called Ebionites, as their Christian critics have called them in the first centuries ) observe how the world works through the lense of their doctrine a past of darkness that has rejected God's messengers, tomorrow a bright future with the triumph of true religion (their own), the recovery of the Temple and the return to earth of the Messiah; and meanwhile, while waiting hostile acts by the enemies of the faith, war and conflict whose outcome can only strengthen them in their belief. And indeed, this is what is happening before their eyes with the clash of Persia (Parthia) and Romans. The Jews with rabbinical reform have horrified judeonazarenes with Talmuds, they dared to add new texts to the scriptures written by human hands. They dared to revise, conceal, cover in their reform some ancient texts mentioning the Messiah! After the expulsion of the Jews by the Romans, although many of them came back to settle in Judea, their center of gravity shifted towards the Persian Empire where they were present for a very long time. They influence the Persians in their old struggle against the (Greco) Roman empire for control of the Middle East, to the point that judeonazarenes come to confuse them. The Rabbinic Sanhedrin was indeed installed in Persia in the third century. And in contrast to the Persians, the Roman Empire Christianized, which represents the Christian heresy in the eyes of judeonazarenes (the Empire became the Byzantine Empire following the partition of Diocletian). If the Rabbinic Jews and Christians, both enemies of their true religion, get involved before their eyes in endless and fruitless wars then this is so because God led them there. This justifies even more the judeonazarenes. And on top of that, all these years, Jewish insurrections inspired more or less successful Messianists (revolt of 351-353 in Galilee, under Caesar Gallus, revolt of 530 by the false messiah Julian) and the temple's reconstruction efforts continue to fail ... Like that 360-362 business by Emperor Julian the Apostate, who had taken the rabbinical Jews under his wing. They only reinforce the judeo-nazarenes in their belief they alone will free the Earth and they alone can raise the temple of Jerusalem.
2nd century text extracts from Pseudo-Clementine Homilies (16, 7.9), which is put into the mouth of the apostle Peter. We find the same types of faith engraved on the lintels of ancient doors, Syria, the 3rd and 4th centuries.
"Ash-hadou an l? il?ha ill-All?h ", "I testify that there is no god but Allah", the first part of the Muslim profession of faith.
We read this very clearly in the document "Pitfalls of women" found in the cave at Qumran among the Dead Sea Scrolls, written in the environment that will result in judeonazarism
It is this same logic of surreality (term coined by Soviet dissidents to designate unreal fantasies of socialism) that will be found at work in all the successive Messianist ideologies (cf. those cited in note 35). They all seek to establish a perfect world that enlightened elected holding the "Key of History" must build eradicating evil and submitting the individual.
However, one must be warned the use of the term "Ebionites" and its meaning has evolved over time to refer generically to the "Hebrew heretics" in the writings of the Church Fathers. All the more reason to identify instead under the judeonazarene name, as proposed by Edouard-Marie Gallez.
In Biblical Hebrew, "cover" translates to "kfr" the same root as the Arabic word "kafara" which will give the word "kafir" ("kuffar" in the plural), that is to say " harrow, " a term that in the Muslim tradition transforms to the meaning of infidel, miscreant or unbeliever as we will detail in the sequel -
I took the majority position by not even reading it, but I like pictures, and it looks like some good work!
Its sad that most people won't even read it, but maybe you'll get a few interested parties with a title like that.
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Why wont you read it?
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Why wont you read it?
I will, hopefully soon, but currently I'm just quickly breezing through not really reading much of anything on here just finding opportunities to write first of all. I'm doing a few things, so if I get a chance I'll definitely read it because it looked good to me, I liked how it seemed to be written and the inclusion of pictures too.
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CONQUERING OF JERUSALEM
Indoctrination of ArabsThe judeonazarenes embarked on the adventure of the conquest of Jerusalem, despite their small number. History shows traces of a first attempt probably between 269 and 272, for the recruitment by Queen Zenobia of Palmyra in Syria. Her kingdom had taken advantage of Persian-Roman conflicts, which includes the defeat of the Emperor Valerian by the Persians in 260. It found itself in a strong position after beating Gallienus, successor of Valerian, who wanted to reduce the ambitious Queen of Palmyra's powers. The chronicles of the time tell us how Zenobia had been indoctrinated by a certain Paul of Antioch. "Judaised" say the documents of the time, according to the term used by the Fathers of the Church to denounce the Ebionite or judeonazarene propaganda . Curious christians indeed given that Paul himself, was deposed as bishop and excommunicated for judeonazarene heresy ... And then we see Zenobia invading the entire Middle East, including Judea, to Egypt, to end up being opposed by the Emperor Aurelian. He even chased her out of Palmyra in 272, taking her to Rome as a captive. And we no longer hear of this heretical bishop opposed to the faith of the apostles. This attempt likely to control "Earth" by the judeonazarenes has shown despite its failure that they can rely on local Arab auxiliaries, mobile fighters strong and effective against the heavy Roman army. Most effective if they manage to motivate them enough, since it seems that Aurelian had managed to turn some of them by bribing them. They will therefore need to give them much more profound convictions, a true indoctrination so they can be strong allies. The judeonazarenes will remember the lesson.
http//i.imgur.com/y7tZjn3.png
Queen Zenobia - Last view of Palmyra (Herbert Schmalz)We are now in the 6th century. Let's take a look at the long-established judeonazarene groups in Syria. Archaeological findings and historical studies enable to locate their habitats, such as the study of Syrian names that have preserved the memory of former judeonazarene inhabitants. Names still in use today as "Nasiriy?", "Ansariye", "Wadi an Nasara" ("Wadi Nasara or," that is to say the Nazarenes) or the "Mountains Nosairis" ( Mount Nazarene) indicate their former presence. Archaeological excavations of the village Farj in the Golan reveal in its organization cohabitation between judeonazarene groups and Arab nomadic groups. For trade, of course, but also for preaching and religious practice. The judeonazarenes thus renounced their ethnic isolation because they have a plan persuade neighboring nomadic Arab tribes to join their messianic project of reconquest of Jerusalem and the "promised land".
According to the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea, Filastre Brescia, Athanasius, Photius or Theodoret of Cyr.
We will note that the archaeological evidence of pre-Islamic Arabic writing were found mainly in Syria and Jordan. This was particularly exposed by AL Pr?mare (The Foundations of Islam, P.241) and developed by Robert Kerr in his article "Aramaisms in the Qur'n and Their Significance"
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Despite of their "non-Jewishness", the prime project, in these times of weakening power of Rome (now the Byzantine power), seems more than ever within reach. This will be even simpler given those Christianized tribes of recent origins (5th and 6th century) still did not have deep convictions about the subject. They only just ended their customs of looting raids which the chroniclers have kept track of. The Byzantines also rely on them as a relay for the empire's control . Among these mixed groups, one in particular draws our attention 30 km north east of Latakia (now Al Ladiquiyah ) where they found in 1920 a ruined caravanserai, that is, the basis of a tribe of nomadic caravan traders. These were the "Qurays" or rather the "Han al Quraysiy" caravanserai of Qurays as mentioned in a Syrian map made in 1927 by Ren? Dussaud as the Khan el-Qurashiy? (see next image), located near the river Nahr al Quraysiy . It is the anchor base of the tribe of Quraysh, the Qorechites, of which presence in the region is attested for still today . Before settling in northern Syria, these Qorechites are reported more in the East by Syrian commentator Narsa? Nisibis. He complained in effect in his 485 chronic about terrible raids launched by this tribe, their looting and destruction, including a raid that was "more cruel than starvation". Their Christianization seems to have subsided/pacified them, and integrated them into the game of trade of the Silk Road, which explains the implementation of their caravanserai nearby Latakia port. But this fresh Christianization, beyond their pacification, has also been a fertile ground for the effect of the judeonazarene indoctrination.
How did the judeonazarenes realize this indoctrination ? Here is their main theme of preaching to persuade the Arabs to join their cause "We judeonazarenes, are Jews, descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac. You, Arabs are descendants of Abraham through Ishmael . So we share the same illustrious ancestor, who happens to be the founder of the true religion. We are cousins, we are brothers. We form the same community, the same "umma", so we share the same true religion. We must obey the same laws from the sacred texts of Moses received with the Torah (the one preserved in the judeonazarene environment, which has perhaps evolved differently from that of the rabbinical Jews). We must obey the commandments of Jesus the Messiah, the gospel (the primary Gospel of Matthew, preserved and modified by jud?onazarenes, as we have seen above). We must therefore carry the same project of conquest of the Promised Land, Jerusalem and the temple recovery . You, Arabs, must give allegiance to us your cousins by blood, to us your older brothers in the true religion. And together we can save the world, by bringing back Jesus on earth, which will eradicate the evil, at the head of our armies. And his return will make us, son of Isaac, and of you, son Ishmael, his chosen one in His new kingdom, its armed wing. " This is a great messianic promise allegiance to the judeonazarenes, joining the project, means to become pure themselves, elected, in face of an earthly retribution, entirely accessible in the new kingdom of the Messiah. And along the way, beyond doubt, accumulating the spoils of conquest which must lead to Jerusalem.
According to the work of Yehuda Nevo (Crossroads to Islam)
"Nahr al Quraysiy" also named "Ras Korash" as seen on the instructions of those old British maps of 1843 and 1851 (mentioned near Latakia / Ladikiyeh).
Qorechite descendants still live in Syria today. For the record, this is the case of actor Tayem Hassan, a Syrian celebrity, who claimed in an interview with Syrian television his qorechite origins.
We will see how the Qur'an still retains traces of this preaching
It is undoubtedly for the purpose of indoctrination that the history of the Arab descendants of Ishmael was invented, completely unknown to the Jews until then. The only written "Jewish" document is just a mention in a typically judeonazarene text, the Book of Jubilees.
The Quran has kept this preaching, eg s95,1-6 or s2,127 (we will detail this later) and we will see later how the Koran was formed from these sermons.
We will find this promise of spoils of war in the Quran, in s48,20-22.https//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/SYRIA6.JPG
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To this end, the judeonazarene propagandists, Syro-Aramaic speaking Jews, many of whom know the liturgical Hebrew, explained their texts to the Arabs. Moreover, they formed the Arab preachers, translated their texts in Arabic and taught them. For this, they created for them little textbooks, anthologies of the main texts of their Torah, their Gospel, their customs, their laws, their rites of purity, their circumcision ... It was indeed the memory aid at a time when education was essentially managed and transmitted by heart the main memory aids consisted of translations into Arabic language used by the judeonazarenes themselves. A lectionary is a liturgical book that presents readings and comments from sacred texts, as always Christian. The judeonazarene lectionary therefore presented excerpts from the Bible, Old and New Testament - for as much the judeonazarenes accept it - in function of the calendar (Saturday, Sunday, holidays). In Syro-Aramaic Christians called this lectionary "qor'?no" (which translates in Arabic as "Qur'an", that is to say, "Koran". It is thus a set composed of various sermons and holy readings, some of them benefiting from a writing down as memory aid (we will see later what will be the crucial importance of these memory aid sheets). This propaganda especially targeted the Christian faith of Arabs by attacking it on charges of associationism, that is to say by claiming that Christians give to God "associates" (Trinity) .
Let's now turn our attention to the figure of him who will be presented as the great prophet of Islam, known as "Muhammad", the "blessed", Muhammad, the Arab warlord. History has not retained his real name, except the nickname of which we will see how it was later given. Nothing is known about his exact birth year, he had to be born at the end of the 6th century in the Arab tribe of Qorechites, located in the Latakia region in Syria. Was he born in a Christian or already judeonazarene indoctrinated family, we do not know for sure (indoctrination seems to have started around the 6th century). The Muslim history has preserved the propagandist environment in which judeonazarene religious figures more or less were symbolically immersed (Bahira and Waraqa particular), of which some were associated with the city of Bosra, located on the road to Yathrib, the Arabian oasis town Arabian in the south of the Syrian desert, seat of an important judeonazarene community. This city of Bosra is also the origin of a converted Arab to judeonazarism, Zayd Ibn Tabit (Muslim traditions say he received a "Jewish" education in Yathrib). With knowledge of the reading and writing of the Syriac and Hebrew, Zayd plays an important role as a link between judeonazarene and Arab communities. True to the Qorechite tradition, the young Muhammad then becomes a merchant, and is to work with Khadija, a wealthy widow, converted to judeonazarism, if not judeonazarene herself. It is indeed the judeo-nazarene cousin and priest Waraqa, who some Islamic traditions claim, who marries them. The latter, still celebrated in the Muslim memory, seems to have played a prominent role with Mohammed. We do not know clearly whether he was Arab or Jew; yet he could proclaim on behalf of the judeo-nazarenes "We are the lords of the Arabs and their guides" . He was probably born from an Arab mother and judeo-nazarene father and could thus be even more than Zayd, a bridge between the two communities as a scholar, he could transcribe Hebrew to Arabic . The marriage with Khadija seems not to have lasted long - evaluating its duration to four or five years since she gave Muhammad four children (four daughters), who quickly finds himself a widower. Widowed, rich and available for the adventure of his life.
Among the Jews, circumcision was the sign of the covenant with God (Abraham was the first circumcised according to Jewish tradition). It was the same for judeonazarenes.
We find echoes of this propaganda in the article "The Hidden Origins of Islam" by Edouard Marie Gallez.
According to the Sira Al Halabi.
According to the Sira of Ibn Hisham " was nazarene ... he became Nazarene and followed the books and learned men of science ... he was an excellent connoisseur of nazareism. He attended the books of the Nazarenes and knew them as people of the Book . " Bukhari wrote of him " The priest Waraqa wrote the Hebrew Book. He wrote the Gospel in Hebrew what God wanted him to write " -
The failed capture of Jerusalem
History comes knocking at the door of judeo-nazarene Qorechites and their masters. The Sassanid Persian Empire and the Byzantine Empire have been longtime engaged in an endless struggle for domination of the Middle East. Within a few years the Persians are gaining ground and winning battles. Sensing the weakness of Byzantine power and certainly pushed by some Jews of Persia motivated by a nationalist dream, they attempt an offensive in Palestine. In particular, they recruited supplementary troops, especially among the Arab tribes, who had a tradition of plundering and as mercenaries, and among the Jews eager to regain their land. Their armies advanced in Syria. Damascus, Homs and Apamea were conquered in 613. This is the perfect opportunity for Jewish-Arab Umma to attempt a takeover of Jerusalem. Add to this that the Christians who populated the city (mostly) prohibited entry to pilgrimages of exiled Jews - and therefore certainly also those of judeo-nazarenes. An Arab qorechite and judeonazarene contingent will engage alongside the the Persian auxiliary troops to conquer the "Earth", under the command of Persian general Romizan?s (nicknamed Schahrbaraz, "boar". Palestine, mainly inhabited by Christians (many of which judeo-christians), also contained within it a minority of Rabbinic Jews. Among them, many will take the opportunity to rise up against the Byzantines in league with the Persians and the Babylonian Jews, thereby facilitating their advance. In April 614, Jerusalem is surrounded, and thanks to a new revolt of the Jews of Jerusalem, the city fell to the besiegers. We witness appalling massacres of the local Christian populations. By adding the victims of the battle and the sacking and the destruction of the city, churches and Christian holy places set on fire , there are between 17,000 and 60,000 victims according to sources . Nearly 35,000 Christians were deported or enslaved.
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The Persians entrust the government of the city to local Jews. They can enjoy again the esplanade of the temple, which was nothing more than a field riddled with new and old ruins. But they do not understand what these other strange Jews, with their Arab friends, want to do to their esplanade. For judeonazarenes and their converts did not come to Jerusalem only for the spoils of war they have come to carry out their reconstruction project of the temple and return of the messiah. And they try to impose their views in face of their cousins the rabbinical Jews. The quarrel escalates, fights erupt. Romizan?s takes the side of the rabbinic Jews on whom he relied to take Jerusalem. The judeonazarenes and their Arab allies are then expelled from Jerusalem and expelled from Palestine . They were already not in their heart rabbinical and they were accused of having gone astray, or more precisely having covered, the scriptures (Torah) by adding Talmuds. This will certainly not contribute towards better feelings towards them.
The return to Syria will reveal to be difficult for the troops of Arabs and their Qorechite judeo-nazarene religous leaders. How to reintegrate in the villages, the caravanserai, the life of the tribe and humdrum train caravans while the religious fervor has increased tenfold with the Persian expedition? So they had reached Jerusalem, and that so little had become of it to return the
Messiah! The Qorechites back home, being simple caravan traders and seeing them return may have had a little trouble to understand and accept these warriors. Muhammad was probably strengthened in all his political and religious leadership of Arabs rallied under the leadership of judeo-nazarenes. His faithful Qorechites of the first hour, companions of Jerusalem, are gradually joined by other members of neighboring tribes. It thus plays its full role of transmission chain of indoctrination among Arabs Christianized via Waraqa, supported by other Arab "judeonazarene" preachers. The judeonazarene place all their hope in this indoctrination the episode of Jerusalem has indeed shown the relevance of relying on military force of nomadic Arabs. Their goal has never been so close, they must pursue this indoctrination. It is probably at this time that the Arab leader earns the nickname of Muhammad, Mahometus Latinized and Frenchified in Mahomet. The Muslims today want to see the meaning of "one who is praiseworthy", "the highly praised." However, the meaning of his name (the "highly praised" the "blessed" is already many times mentioned in the Bible (Psalm 118, 26 "Blessed is he who comes in the name of God " - Messianic acclamation which according to the gospels - Cf. Mt. 21.9 - welcomed the arrival of Jesus in Jerusalem and translated into Arabic as "Muhammad Rasul Allah". E-M. Gallez proposes a different interpretation Muhammad would be "the man of predilections" (of God), "the man who wants to please God", that is to say the exact recovery of the nickname given to the Jewish prophet Daniel (cf. Daniel, from 9.23 to 24) in Jewish prophetic texts themselves. Daniel, the last Jewish prophet before Jesus, who announced precisely his coming. Who else to identify Mohammed with, but the warlord who preaches and works for the imminent return of "Jesus Messiah"?Emigration
History comes back to haunt the group of Jewish-Arab Messianists. In the long war which opposes the Persians, Heraclius takes over and begins the counter-offensive in 620. After a series of victories, his armies arrive north of Syria and the danger is great that they will avenge the judeo-nazarene Qorechite adventurers who had joined Romizan?s who in the expedition of Palestine. It is most likely out of fear of being mistaken with them that those judeo-nazarene Qorechites who stayed back then are making clear to veterans of Jerusalem that they are not really in their place in Syria. No way to endanger the caravan trade! They forced them to leave. They must flee and emigrate with established judeo-nazarene friends far out of reach of the Byzantine armies. This will be in Yathrib, the city-oasis of the Arabian desert which had a long-established community of the judeo-nazarene sect . The members of the group, a Judeo-Arabic community, ummah, will now call the migrants, muhajirun in Arabic. Yathrib will be renamed in Modin (Arabized to Medina), the same name of the city that gave rise to the Jewish uprising of Maccabees in the second century BC .
In retrospect, this escape to Yathrib will be remembered by the Jewish-Arab umma (and their descendants) as a founding event, the very strong religious symbolism the "pure" do not flee, they prepare! It is again the image of the exodus of the Jewish people in the desert that is imposed, the people left Egypt of the Pharaoh in search of the promised land under the leadership of Patriarch Moses. This biblical exodus into the desert represented for the Jews the time and place of purification, training by God himself of his people so he can take possession of the " promised land ". Thus will be interpreted afterwards the exile of the Jewish-Arab group like the beginning of a new era, with its new calendar instituted by Caliph Omar in 639. He will start from this event, year 1 AH, that is to say the exodus, the exile, the emigration.
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The installation in Yathrib-Medina possibly further increased the strength of the new community. Local judeonazarenes joined (this is the subject of the Charter of Madinah), and the work of preaching to the neighboring Arab tribes, the return of the Messiah in Jerusalem and Messianist promises win new followers to the cause. The group becomes powerful enough to even submit other tribes with the sword. They will be cleansed from their Christianity. The Muslim history (Ibn icham) also preserves the memory of the opposition of Arab tribes controlled by women, a significant element showing the true status of women in Christianized Arabia upto then . There are other lesser known contemporary historical sources of events in Yathrib, describing the preaching of Muhammad, the rather curious propagandist of this composite Jewish-Arab community The Chronicle of Sebeos mentions the meeting with rabbinic Jews who arrived in Yathrib 625-627 with Muhammad "In those days, there was an Ishmaelite called Mahmet, a merchant. He introduced himself to them as ordered by God as a preacher, as the path of truth, and who learned them to know the God of Abraham because he was very well educated and comfortable with the story of Moses ... added In an oath, God has promised this country to Abraham and his seed (...) Now, you are the son of Abraham and God realized in you the promise made to Abraham and his posterity. Love for only the God of Abraham will help you to possess land that God gave to your father Abraham ". The Doctrina Jacobi and the writings of Theophanes, are counted as one of the few contemporary accounts of Muhammad that historians have about it (Muslim sources date to the best almost two centuries after Muhammad). Their content is radically opposed to the Muslim discourse. We will understand why later.
Thus, step by step, Muhammad and religious judeonazarene leaders unified Arab tribes into their project and built a military force. The time of the conquest of Palestine approaches. The first expeditions do not meet success other than the spoils of war . That of 629, however, is recorded for the memories reading the Chronicle of Theophanes we are told how Muhammad had sent armed Arab horsemen again to conquer the " promised land ". The Emperor Heraclius was then in the process of
expelling the Persians from Palestine and Syria. He had taken Jerusalem that year, but his armies were exhausted by the endless war against Persia. Noting the mutual weakening of the two great empires that vied for the Middle East, Muhammad probably spotted a strategic window. But his plan to conquer Judea from Arabia by the Dead Sea to follow the course of the Jordan River and thus mimic the biblical story of the Exodus, was stopped at Moteh (Mu'ta in Arabic) by the Byzantine army, supported by Arab contingents, . The defeat was stinging, three great generals were killed, and the army of the umma was severely undermined. It had to turn back to Yathrib-Madina, while Muhammad and religious leaders preaching will deploy treasures of prediction to boost morale of their troops.Despite his best efforts, Muhammad will not see the conquest of the Holy Land. He will die in Medina between 629 (Battle Mu'ta) and 634 (Battle of Gaza). Muslims keep to the date of 632, although insecure ). The military command of the troops will mature with one of the generals, Abu Bakr (whose character is likely that he was a competitor of Mohammed and Omar, the future caliph; Muslim traditions are surprisingly ambiguous about who they consider the first caliph - no source mentions it before the 8th century). Judeo-nazarene religious leaders continue to exercise their authority, they are continuing their work
of exhortation and unification of the tribes of Arabia to serve the project, by themselves and with the support of Arab preachers. About Muhammad the memory then fades - his influence beyond the rivalries of the emirs, had to give him very strong enmities even within his party, especially among the Arabs tribes who were converted won over for the project by force. They were to keep alive the memory of the harshness of the rule of Muhammad .And the push to the Holy Land continues. Abu Bakr died in Medina in 634 (date yet once again uncertain ). Another Arab leader (a competitor?), Omar, succeeded him in command of the army, always framed by the judeonazarenes who are in a sense political commissars. The weakening of Heraclius, exhausted by its winback campaigns versus the Persians, also damaged by recurrent epidemics of plague throughout the 6th and 7th centuries, allows the group to enter Syria, a terrain they know very well and where they even have allies of the first hour. Let us not forget that the Qorechites remained more or less judeonazarenes and were won to the cause but did not follow in the Hijra a decade earlier, probably out of fear of the Byzantine army. The arrival of Emigrants with their dynamics of conquest changes the game, and then the skeptical join the troop, willingly or by force. They will be the Ansar, the "helpers of God" celebrated in the Muslim memory. Syria is taken in 636, Heraclius could not oppose it significantly. Faced with this flood, he will prefer to retreat to the shelter of the solid walls that have always protected Byzantium in history.
But the course of history has changed. With their positions in Syria, the Emigrants advance towards Palestine and drew near to Jerusalem. After so many sieges, so many battles and massacres, the city Heraclius had given to Christians could only offer resistance. The Arabs already camped nearby in 634 between Bethlehem and Jerusalem, preventing Christians to perform their devotions as underlined by their bishop, the Patriarch Sophronius, in his Christmas sermon. To avoid repeating a terrible bloodbath like the one of 614, he finally opens the gates. The date is not known with certainty - between 635 and 638, we will retain that of 637. Yet this is a major event the Emigrants come to take Jerusalem, there it is, the project will be realized, the temple will be rebuilt, the messiah will come back ...
The remains of thousands have been recently discovered at the Mamilla Pool, among other graves
See later
The deviation of the meaning of Muhammad to "worthy of praise" is to linked with the desire of Muslims to see in the gospels an announcement of Muhammad. Indeed Jesus announces the coming of a "Paraclete", that is to say,
the Holy Spirit to Christians. The Manichaean books from the 3rd century (reported by Eusebius) had already made of Mani the "Paraclete," Muslims do the same with Muhammad. Translating "Paraclete" to "Ahmad", they want to give him the meaning of "praised" to stick to the discourse that states that monotheism announced every prophet who would reform it (Judaism announces christianity announcing Islam). This late deformation of the root hmd (ahmad) in the related meaning of "to desire" or "to want" was conducted during the development of Islamic theological reminders to God's command, successive replacements of Abrahamic religions by a higher Abrahamic religion, leading to Islam
The Jewish presence is attested for a long time (among others by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy) but according to AL. de Pr?mare (The Foundations of Islam), the existence of a Jewish rabbinic home in the 6th and 7th centuries is denied by Jewish sources themselves. Who were then these non-rabbinic Jews living in Yathrib other than judeonazarenes?
First Maccabees, 2, 23
Recent excavations by Christian Robin, archaeologist CNRS have also revealed that the whole of the Arabian Peninsula was Jewish or Christian at the time of Muhammad; polytheism described by Muslim traditions he said is "completely at odds with what we can observe from archaeological sources"
We find echoes of this preaching in the Qur'an s19,40 "It is we, indeed inherit the earth and all that is in it" (see later) - Its also found in s5, 21.
There is a mention of this group of Emigrants in the Chronicle of Jacob of Edessa "The kingdom of the Arabs we call Tayy?y? since Heraclius, King of the Romans, was in his 11th year and Chosroes, King of Persia, in his 31st year (...) the Tayy?y? began to make invasions in the land of Palestine. "
The Battle of Mu'ta in 629 mentioned by Theophane is a very rare record of Muhammad's life events that is both safe and well historiographically dated; it is also one of the few to be certified by sources not Muslim. This historical fact is often overlooked in the Islamic tradition, probably because it is a defeat and it contravenes the logic of Muslim history Muhammad was going to Palestine in 629 while according to Muslim speech he was supposed to turn all his attention towards Mecca?
The Qur'an preserved an echo, in 30 suras (The Romans called) and 105 (called The Elephant) - see page later.
Some Muslim traditions say that he would be murdered (poisoned by a Jewish widow).
Thomas the Presbyter wrote in 640 that Muhammad (Muhammad) still commanded his troops at the Battle of Gaza, 634. Was it him, or is that his nickname Muhammad had been transferred to another?
Muslim tradition recognizes Muhammads ruthless conduct towards his opponents and detractors
Some experts argue that Muhammad died in 634 and that Omar would have succeeded him directly. Abu Bakr was one of the generals of the army, without title of caliph (title which has in any case been awarded to him after the fact, when writing of Muslim history started). This manipulation would have avoided having to pass on the memory of Muhammad who sought to conquer Jerusalem, and legitimate questions that would have led on goals then pursued -
The Messiah does not come back
After entering Jerusalem, the Emigrants rush immediately to the esplanade of the temple, covered with the ruins of the Jewish-Roman wars and abandoned , to carry out their project there. "When the Arabs came to Jerusalem, there were men among the sons of of Israel who showed them the temple site" indicates a contemporary witness . They obviously want to rebuild the temple, and we imagine their fervor and their excitement. Another witness, Theodore, recounts the scene "Immediately while running, they came to the place called the Capitol . They took men with them, some by force, others voluntarily, to clean this place and build this damned thing for their prayer, which they call a midzgitha . "
The opposition of Sophronius may hinder the project. The fanatics set to work without waiting for the arrival of Omar, the military leader, who stayed in Medina and who will not enter it until 638. The credit of this rebuilding of the temple will be assigned to him, however indeed in the "Rabbi Ben Yohai Secrets" we read that a "Second king who will arise from Ishmael repairs the breaches of the Temple ' . The old original model will be respected they will build a large cubic of stone, marble and wood (Sophronius evokes the role of a mason who he has also excommunicated). It will take the dimensions and shape of the inner sanctum of the ancient temple of the Jews, although the tradition has lost those by designating it as "Mosque of Omar". This name is also passed on to the building which replaced the judeo-nazarene temple what we see today is no longer the 637-638 cubic but the building caliph Abd al-Malik subsequently put in its place, on the rock on the esplanade, the top of Mount Moriah which Jewish tradition (and judeonazarene tradition) associated with the failed sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham (called "Binding of Isaac". This is the Dome of the Rock we can still see today, octagonal and not cubic. We will return to this later.
Going back to history the temple was finally raised, the fervor was at its height (as indicated by Omars institution of the new Muslim calendar, in 639), sacrifices and rituals will be able to take place. The judeonazarenes invoke the figure of the Messiah, calling his return. But the Messiah does not return. The judeonazarene priests try to temporize with Arab warriors and their leaders, eager to become the elected in the new kingdom of "Messiah Jesus," as the Koran states. But time passes and we must recognize that they are actually fooled. In 640, the Arab leaders understood the Messiah will not return, there is no kingdom for the elected, they have been deceived. The judeonazarene masters are crooks and traitors who trained them for nothing in nearly 40 years of false promises, efforts, exile, sacrifices, wars ... This is the crisis within the umma. Well, that the judeonazarenes may perish since they have no messiah or kingdom of elected to give to the Arabs!
However there is indeed a kingdom, that the Arabs came to conquer in the name of judeonazarene project. In 640, taking advantage of the exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire which we have explained, Omar and his army take military control of the entire Middle East - the Byzantine Empire being reduced by the Arab push at the frontiers of what is now Turkey, and losing its possessions in North Africa. By eliminating judeonazarene leaders, Omar caught two birds with one stone he not only appropriates the conquest, but he also seizes the religious leadership. The institution of Islam is born. But it will take more than 100 years to form as a doctrine - before it imposes itself and does not have a definitive structure for at least two more centuries.
Besides the 614-629 period when Jerusalem was under Jewish authority, the esplanade was even used as a dump.
Excerpt from a "Letter of the Academy of Jerusalem to the diaspora of Egypt" translated and quoted by AL de Pr?mare in The Foundations of Islam.
Excerpt from a text from the Great Lavra monastery St. Saba, east of Jerusalem, always quoted by AL de Pr?mare
Jewish Writings of the 8th century quoted by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook in Hagarism, the making of the islamic world -
TIME OF THE FIRST CALIPHS
How to justify the acquired power?
Now we will look at the history of the early caliphs. It is a very difficult story to unravel very many original documents were destroyed intentionally (almost all documents of "Muslims" since the death of Muhammad until the 9th century) and the later tradition wanted to rebuild a golden framed legend of the events they idealized to be the early days of Islam. This explains the vagueness of the chronology that we will go through. This late tradition establishes Abu Bakr as the first Caliph, whose reign lasted only two years. That of Omar would have started in 634, to finish in 644. Thus began that of Uthman, until 656. Ali succeeded him until 661. Muslim history has subsequently established the first four caliphs as "rightly guided" sovereigns or Rachidun. Sunni Muslims still consider those sovereigns as role models, divinely inspired, worthy successors of Muhammad having applied faithfully the commandments of Allah.
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Abu Bakr and Omar / Ali with his sword Zulfikar, and Uthman, presenting the Quran (Gravure de V. Raineri - L?Histoire des Nations)
Ali fought a civil war from which will emerge Muawiya as the new Caliph. The latter ruled until 680. Then a new period of civil war begins, which ended with the advent of Abd al-Malik in 685. His caliphate lasted 20 years, until 705. We will observe this particular period from religious perspective. What will happen to the belief of the judeonazarenes after their disappearance? How will the "religion of Abraham" evolve ? How will Islam gradually form?
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Omar (634-644) and Uthman (644-656) getting rid of the judeonazarenes
Before the non-return of the messiah, Omar decides to get rid of old allies. The judeonazarene leaders are eliminated, their families are hunted . The judeonazarenes of Syria are met with an unwavering contempt . The composite Jewish-Arab umma is de facto transformed into an Arab ummah. And from there, the chosen people status befalls entirely to the Arabs, which makes sense since they find themselves the new and only masters of the Middle East. But many difficulties appear when trying to legitimate the new acquired powers without undermining the Messianist promises that underpin it they must succeed not only in explaining how to sideline the judeonazarenes or even erase the memory of the first Arab alliance with them, but also must manage to transform the initial messianic project in favor of new Arab lords. This amounts de facto to replacing the old masters of the "religion of Abraham" and taking their religious orders in addition to the political ones, already acquired. Somehow, Omar, Uthman and his successor will then try to justify themselves during this chaotic period.
Chroniclers (Jacob of Edessa), archaeologists and after them serious historians observe starting from 640 in buildings of worship used by "Muslims" that they are seeking new directions for prayer (qibla), other than Jerusalem, but not yet Meccan. It can be observed for example in ancient mosques like the one of Hajjaj in Wasit (near Basra), or that of Amr Ibn al-As, in Fustat (Cairo). The first mosques (eg that of Medina) naturally pointed to Jerusalem, and some even pointed to Syria, where the Arabs had known the first shrine of their political-religious movement dedicated to Abraham . Maybe it was a temporary cube built by judeonazarenes after their exile from Jerusalem in the 1st century and revered also by Qorechite converts . It is thus understood that Omar and his aides (and also Uthman) sought to evade the direction of the Jerusalem cube they had helped build, the reason of being of judeonazarenes. This is first of all to overcome the failure of the messianic project, failure of the judeonazarene plan and proposing something instead. We can not continue to practice the "religion of Abraham" as it was taught by Arab preachers under the authority of judeonazarenes. To monopolize, Omar and his successor Uthman will present the Arab nation as the one who are the true descendants of Abraham through Ishmael, the eldest son, the descendants chosen by God to the exclusion of the Jewish branch, progeny of Isaac. This aspect of "Abrahamic" proto Islam has not escaped the best scholars of Islam, even if they do not understand all the issues. The logical consequence of this turning point the need to control the texts left behind by judeonazarenes, the texts that accompanied the preaching of the "religion of Abraham. " The authorities will try to recover them. Mastering the scriptures is to hold the key of religion and memory of judeonazarenes. Especially as in their conquest, Arabs meet Christians and religious Jews who are much more structured in their faith than the Christianized tribes of Arabia. They have disturbing books and questions ... They must therefore gather at all costs all the texts, both notes and memory aids of preachers, as we have detailed previously, or texts guiding religious practice (lectionaries, texts and anthologies of Torah of "the gospel" translated into Arabic ...), whether sheets of the Emigrants to Medina or texts of those who remained in Syria before the Hijrah. They can thus select the texts which will support the new identity of Arabs as of son Abraham, chosen by God for his project. They must however make anything disappear that might contravene this new logic of power, for example any too explicit mention of the alliance of the Jewish-Arab ummah. Thus will gradually be formed the proto-Qur'an, and the Qur'an. But by doing so two terrible calamities will befall the ummah the upheaval of the foundations of religion (and therefore of political power) and discord that will be sown between the new masters of the Middle East.
Omar, Uthman and many more after him, will manipulate religion to their advantage to continue to justify the domination of Arab conquerors (and their own power). How to explain that the judeonazarene former allies have now become the servile pariahs of today? This will be done by modifying, correcting texts, reinterpreting them. The purpose of this manipulation is to conceal the memory of the judeonazarenes, and the most effective way is to make disappear their proper name, attributing it to Christians and establishing that "Nasara" (Nazarene) which is mentioned in these texts are actually Christians. And by doing so, vilifying Jews and Christians. But it is possible that in the very first time, an expression such as "Do not make friends with Jews and Nasara (Qur'an, s5, 51)," where "and Nasara" is a clear addition, was a warning given to the Arabs against the remnants of the influence of judeonazarenes. Many other additions of this type were established , future studies will inform about the process of manipulation and reinterpretation of Koranic texts and proto-sheets in the coming years.
New collections of sheets which contain views that comply with the new power are then produced. Thus was implemented the mechanism that will gradually lead to the formation of the entire Islamic religion the logic of the afterward conclusion; the conclusion that predetermines the reasoning that manipulates its historical roots as religious. The conquerors in order to justify their rule (without judeonazarene rulership), manipulate the assumptions which it is based on (religion, texts, holy places ) to make them correspond to that written conclusion. But by changing the well-oiled machine and removing the worldview according judeonazarenes, it is rendered to inconsistencies. This manipulation will not be without posing serious theological problems, as we shall see. However, in the short term, the problems are more technical and political than religious.
The event gives a whole new meaning to the fate of the Jewish tribes of Medina according to Muslim history that we saw in the introduction (killing and expulsion). Their memory is transmitted by deforming an Islamic canonical history, we will see how later. The curse that strikes judeonazarenes will also extend their cousins the rabbinical Jews of Jerusalem who were able to return during the capture of the city by the Arabs. Associated with their Jewishness with the shameful failure of judeonazarene project, they will be temporarily evicted from Jerusalem and will return.
History will see the descendants of judeonazarenes amalgamate gradually with Muslims, from the 8th and 9th centuries. The work of Joseph Azzi (The Nousa?rites-Alawi History, Doctrine and Customs) establishes that they form the root of the current Alawite community in Syria. The disgust concerning them by their Sunni Muslims finds its historical justification.
Notably Tali Erickson Gini and Sir K. A. C. Creswell, Patricia Crone and Michael Cook
Many traditions mention an "Ibrahim masjid" (place of Abrahams prostration) atop a hill named Abu Qubays, Syria, near Hama / Homs (Abu Qubays today is also the name of a city of its suburbs). We will see a little further (pages 47-51) in what circumstances a nearby hill in Mecca could be also named Abu Qubays.
Difficult to distinguish between them given the short end of the reign of Omar (up to 644) and that of Otman (644-654)
See for example the controversy of 644 between Jacobite Patriarch of Syria John 1st and the Emir Amir ibn Said, Governor of Homs, described in Note 106
The fundamental discovery of these additions (exegetes call them "tweens" is attributed to Antoine Moussalli (see below).
Like texts, shrines will experience their share of manipulation; we will see more later -
You can't read the title of this topic, huruf?
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Running like Zebras is translating my book. I have written it in French. It is based on the work of many scholars, mainly Edouard-Marie Gallez, from Belgium (also Patricia Crone, Manfred Kropp, Robert Kerr, Alfred-Louis de Pr?mare, Jean-jacqus Walter).
So who is the author?