Self-learning Qur’ān by vocabulary and grammar
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- We earlier discussed about possessive phrase. In Arabic, such relationship is denoted by the term أَلإضَافَةُ. It primarily represents the association of one Noun with another Noun, in true sense and is called true construct (أَلإضَافَةُ ٱلْحَقِيقِيَّةُ). It literally means annexation, addition, or attachment; two nouns (pronouns, relative pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns are nouns in Arabic), one belonging or having association to the other.
4.1 It is very easy to visually recognize a Possessive Phrase in the text of Qur’ān if we retain in memory that the Nouns in Arabic in default state are in NOMINATIVE case, that is they have ُ or ـُـُ vowel sign at the end of word. In case a noun has this sign at the end we must find the reason. One reason we already know is that the object noun of a Preposition will always be in genitive case.
4.2 The second word ٱللَّهِ is Proper Noun (Recognitive/status as إِلَـٟهٚ وَٟحِدٚ) and as we know Proper Names are never translated but are spelled in target languages in such manner that they produce identical sound as of original. Therefore, it should be spelled in English as Allah the Exalted. Proper Nouns are intrinsically definite. Individual Proper Name (العَلَمُ الشَّخصِی) is coined for and given to a specific individual; and from the perspective of the one who coined it, the named he/she is unique and the only.
4.3 The Phrase is a string of words that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. These are compounds, in Arabic الْمُرَكَّبَاتُ. When two words are adjoined or joined they constitute what is termed "Phrase" in English and in Arabic it is referred as مركب ناقص- a combination of two words from which no complete information, order or desire is understood. It is an incomplete statement but more that single word. However a combination of two words may also constitute مركب تام a complete Sentence-جُمْلَةٌ.
4.4 Visual recognition of Possessive Phrases
(i) The noun that is possessed comes first and is called مُضَاف meaning "additive", "attached", "annexed", "appendix";
(ii) The first Noun of a Possessive Phrase neither has ٱل/ ٱلْ in the beginning nor has ــًــٍــٌ tanwīn at the end.
(iii)The first Noun of a Possessive Phrase is never apparently a Definite Noun; Proper Noun or a noun made definite by using definite article. It will derive definiteness from the second Noun of Phrase if that is Definite; Proper Noun or definite with article ٱل/ ٱلْ.
(iv) The first noun, whatever its grammatical state ـَـِـُ may be, which is determined by external factors like بـِ preposition, it will always render the second noun in the genitive case.
(v) The noun that is the possessor comes second/after, and is called مُضَاف إلَيْه; it can be proper noun, definite noun, pronoun; or indefinite noun.
(vi) The Second Noun of a Possessive Phrase is always in Genitive Case .
Exercise Visually find Possessive Phrases in first 400 words of Qur’ān and write why you think it is Possessive Phrase.
Words are vertically isolated here. You have to make Possessive Phrases
https//haqeeqat.pk/sohail/quran- We are trying to learn Grammar by following the teaching strategy of Grand Qur’ān on need to know basis. We have memorized that nouns in default state are always in nominative case and whenever they are not as such in the text we must enquire the reason and find the agent influencing change of case ending. This phenomenon of variations in case ending is called grammatical inflection and is the heart of Arabic grammar. It is the core of grammar and everything else revolves around it. Understand this concept is understanding the Arabic language and failing to understand it is failing to understand the language.
5.1 We have so far studied two orthographic words بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ, which on granular break are three; and found them two consecutive phrases; prepositional phrase coupled with possessive phrase. Consecutive phrases jointly constitute a unit for grammar, syntactic and translation purposes.
5.2 The first two words of Grand Qur’ān shift the fixation point of our gaze to the next fixation point where with 100% acuity we find the third word is ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ. It has 21 occurrences. The gaze signals to the brain that it is also in genitive case . This forces the brain to analyze and determine its reason as to why it is not in default state ـُ . Since our brain had already analyzed the previous phrases, therefore, it rules out the possibility of it being genitive because of the influence of preposition or because of second noun of possessive phrase. Why is it then in genitive case?
5.3 We are familiar about the concept of "Apposition" in our native/and English language. "Appositive" has its origin in the Latin verb which means "to put near or next to". It refers to the word that follows a noun to rename it or describe it in another way. Apposition is the placing of a noun beside another noun, where it shares the same grammatical function. Words in apposition are called appositives.
Apposition can either be restrictive, or non-restrictive where the second element parenthetically modifies the first. In a restrictive appositive, the second element limits or clarifies the foregoing one in some crucial way and is essential part of the expression. For example in the phrase "My friend Sher Ali --"; "Sher Ali" specifies to which friend the speaker is referring and is therefore restrictive.5.4 In a non-restrictive appositive, the second element parenthetically modifies the first without changing its scope. Non-restrictive appositives are not crucial to the meaning of the sentence. In the example if I added "My friend Sher Ali, an Assistant Professor in Islamic University,..." — the parenthetical "an Assistant Professor" does not narrow down the subject, but rather provides additional information about the subject. In English, a non-restrictive appositive must be preceded or set off by commas, while a restrictive appositive is not set off by commas.
5.5 In Arabic too, there are Equivalent Appositive and Explicative Appositive . The Equivalent Appositive is a word which has attributed to it whatever is attributed to its principle while the subordinate is intended for the attribution not its principle. In Arabic, when a noun is influenced indirectly it is termed Subordinate because it follows that which precedes it in case ending . The preceding word it mimics is called the .مَتْبُوْع The apposition noun should agree with the preceding noun's case, gender and number. The equivalent subordinate is often a Derivative Noun while the explicative subordinate is often a Substantive Noun. The principle's need of the subordinate in completing its meaning is a key indicator of Explicative Apposition. The equivalent subordinate on the other hand, is a substitute for its principle.
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Root ط ى ر
Words from this Root in the Grand Qur’ān
a) Total occurrences 29
b) No of constructions 16
Noun 12; Recurrence 25; Verb 4;
Ibn Faris stated
(مقاييس اللغة)
الطاء والياء والراء أصلٌ واحدٌ يدلُّ على خِفّة الشَّيءِ في الهواءِ.ثمَّ يستعار ذلك في غيرِهِ وفي كلِّ سُرعة. من ذلك الطَّير جمع طائر
That it leads to the perception of lightweight of a thing in the air, and thereafter borrowed from it is all sorts of quickness, agility and from it is bird.
Semantic field Biology—Animal Kingdom—Root د ب ب
Taxonomy Sub-category Birds
It is stated in textbooks that it was Galileo who described bird bones as hollow and lightweight, in 1638, and now the skeletons of birds are universally described as lightweight as a result of selection for minimizing the energy required for flight. From a functional perspective, the weight (mass) of an animal relative to its lift-generating surfaces is a key determinant of the metabolic cost of flight.
But this information that the flying birds are lightweight was always there in the Arabic Root from where the word bird stems. Specific feature of lightweight is في الهوا in the air, atmosphere. Bones of flying birds are typically lighter than those of flightless and diving birds.
Birds are different to most mammals in a number of immediately obvious ways, they walk on two legs and have two wings, they have feathers instead of hair and a beak instead of jaws with teeth.
They are also similar to us in some ways, they are warm blooded, they have two legs, two eyes—have excellent sight, and two ears—sense of hearing is excellent, have a 4-chambered heart with complete separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. All birds are endothermic, that is, their body temperature remains fairly constant regardless of their surrounding environment.
Grand Qur’ān has been telling these facts since 1400 years
وَمَا مِن دَآبَّةٛ فِـى ٱلۡأَرْضِ
Know it; there is neither any genus of the animal kingdom in the Earth —
یہ بات سمجھ لو؛قطعاً کوئی ایک جانور بھی کرہ ارض میں موجود نہیں۔
Root د ب ب
وَلَا طَٟٓئِرٛ يَطِيـرُ بِجَنَاحَيْهِ
Nor any genus in the class of bird that flies with its two wings —
اور نہ کوئی ایسا پرندہ موجود ہے جو دو پروں سے فضا میں پرواز کرتا ہے۔
إِلَّآ أُمَمٌ أَمْثَالُـكُـمۚ
Who are but species-communities-nations in the likenesses of you people.
مگر وہ الگ الگ معاشرتی نوع ہیں ویسے جیسے تم لوگوں کے اقوام میں بٹے ہونے کی مثالیں ہیں۔
مَّا فَرَّطْنَا فِـى ٱلـكِـتَٟبِ مِن شَـىْءٛۚ
Our Majesty have not neglected mentioning in the Book (Grand Qur’ān) not at all a thing relevant to the audience.
ہم جناب نے مخصوص کتاب(قرء ان مجید)کے مندرجات میں مخاطبین کے لئے متعلقہ علم میں سے کچھ بھی نظر انداز نہیں کیا۔
ثُـمَّ إِلَـىٰ رَبِّـهِـمْ يُحْشَـرُونَ .٣٨
After expiry of period they will be gathered towards their Sustainer Lord.
بعد ازاں انہیں (تمام امم)کو ان کے رب کی جانب اکٹھا کر دیا جائے گا
https//haqeeqat.pk/roots/(91.htm
Qir'an corpus
https//haqeeqat.pk/Quran.Corpus-2Sura3-6.htmDear brother Mazhar!
Seems that you have copy/pasted something from your website. I do not see where it says that birds and insects/ants are same or of the same category. Quran mentioned birds separately from all other genus and name them دآبۃ. in case of طیر the holy Quran tells that they fly with their جناح wings/feathered limbs which is not the case with insects even with the flying insects (e.g. a certain type of queen ants). In general, the insects and ants crawl on ground only.
Difference between wings of insects and birds is as follows
Insects have two pairs of wings, while bats and birds each have one pair. Insect wings lack bones, but bird and bat wings have them. Butterfly wings are covered in scales, bird wings in feathers, and bat wings with bare skin. All of these organisms have adapted to life in the air and in doing so have evolved wings.
Peace!
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Dear brother Mazhar!
Seems that you have copy/pasted something from your website. I do not see where it says that birds and insects/ants are same or of the same category. Quran mentioned birds separately from all other genus and name them دآبۃ. in case of طیر the holy Quran tells that they fly with their جناح wings/feathered limbs which is not the case with insects even with the flying insects (e.g. a certain type of queen ants). In general, the insects and ants crawl on ground only.
Difference between wings of insects and birds is as follows
Insects have two pairs of wings, while bats and birds each have one pair. Insect wings lack bones, but bird and bat wings have them. Butterfly wings are covered in scales, bird wings in feathers, and bat wings with bare skin. All of these organisms have adapted to life in the air and in doing so have evolved wings.
Peace!
Salamun alaika,
https//haqeeqat.pk/English%20Tafsir%20e%20Haqeeqat/00.Tabweeb%20Part%202/001.%20Roots%20originating%20in%20Surat%20002/2.158/399.%20Junah%20Jeem%20Noon%20He/4.gif Prepositional Phrase + Possessive Phrase بـِ Inseparable preposition + Noun Definite; dual; masculine; genitive; ن dropped + Possessive pronoun Third person; singular; masculine; in genitive state.
How to identify a queen ant
https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXs9BLdgoBY -
So brother Mazhar! You have answered by yourself that queen ants cannot have idenity of wings or pair of wings only. Male ants may also have wings. So no resemblance with birds is proven.
Peace!
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So brother Mazhar! You have answered by yourself that queen ants cannot have idenity of wings or pair of wings only. Male ants may also have wings. So no resemblance with birds is proven.
Peace!
I don't know why this confusion. Queen ant is born with wings. She mates in air with drones/male ants.
Let us try what is said and who said and the place of event.
وَحُشِـرَ لِسْلَيْمَٟنَ جُنُودُهُۥ مِنَ ٱلْجِنِّ وَٱلْإِنسِ وَٱلطَّيْـرِ
فَهُـمْ يُوزَعُونَ .2717١٧
حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَآ أَتَوْا عَلَـىٰ وَادِ ٱلنَّمْلِ
قَالَتْ نَمْلَةٚ يَـٰٓأَيُّـهَا ٱلنَّمْلُ ٱدْخُلُوا۟ مَسَٟكِنَكُـمْ
لَا يَحْطِمَنَّكُـمْ سُلَيْمَٟنُ وَجُنُودُهُۥ وَهُـمْ لَا يَشْعُـرُونَ .2718١٨
فَتَبَسَّمَ ضَاحِكٙا مِّن قَوْلِـهَا
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Dear brother Mazhar!
I think that you have not checked the differnce between wnged mammals, birds and insects. I think that is why you are feelig confusion. You claimed that Quran keeps insects and birds in same category but you did not provide a proof from Quran. You claimed that it is also universally accepted, but this also is not the true case.
Moreover, if you ask google for an Arabic word for Queen Ant then it will give you the words ملكة النمل
Therefore, نملۃ in quran can be any female ant and not a Queen Ant.Peace!
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Dear brother Mazhar!
I think that you have not checked the differnce between wnged mammals, birds and insects. I think that is why you are feelig confusion. You claimed that Quran keeps insects and birds in same category but you did not provide a proof from Quran. You claimed that it is also universally accepted, but this also is not the true case.
Moreover, if you ask google for an Arabic word for Queen Ant then it will give you the words ملكة النمل
Therefore, نملۃ in quran can be any female ant and not a Queen Ant.Peace!
Birds are classified as bird only when they have two wings, includes those who normally fly not. And Qur'an said he flies with two wings. What else could be evidence?
And I deduced from it why he understood the statement of Queen ant, since he earlier announced he is given the knowledge of understanding the sound utterences of birds.
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So you insist that flyiing with 2 wings (or one pair of wings) means "bird" whether it is an ant or an angel or an aeroplane?
You also ignored that the Arabic of Queen Bee. Moreover, you did not notice that ants have 2 pairs of wings. -
So you insist that flyiing with 2 wings (or one pair of wings) means "bird" whether it is an ant or an angel or an aeroplane?
You also ignored that the Arabic of Queen Bee. Moreover, you did not notice that ants have 2 pairs of wings.Deduction does not mean this what you stated. First Fact He knew the language of birds they communicate within their respective species.
Fact 2. Qur'an says birds fly with the help of two wings.
Fact 3. Queen (she) ant addressed ants commanding them to hurriedly get into their abodes lest they are crushed-----while they are not aware about having crushed them.
Fact.4 It is an episode, narrative. It has specific features and diction.
Fact 5. He smiled ---why مِّن قَوْلِـهَا her statement
Fact 6. Many ants chirp to each other by rubbing two hard parts of their abdomens together. Different species can use these scraping sounds for things like getting organized, communicating with mates, and calling for help.Deduction Episode relates only to Queen Ant and ants.
Rhetoric Queen ant is the subject of verb, but still mentioned by indefinite noun. The reader can specify from the command that she is the ruler/now we call her Queen Ant. -
Dear Brother!
It was a pleasure discussing with you but frankly speaking, I am not satisfied with all this. I hope someone else will be able to put some light on it.
Thank you for your time and efforts. Since we both have the same mission, we will keep discssing other topics in sha Allah!Peace!
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Dear Brother!
It was a pleasure discussing with you but frankly speaking, I am not satisfied with all this. I hope someone else will be able to put some light on it.
Thank you for your time and efforts. Since we both have the same mission, we will keep discssing other topics in sha Allah!Peace!
Exactly. However, please do try to translate/explain what you perceive from them to expand our understanding. GA Pervez also had different interpretation.
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Exactly. However, please do try to translate/explain what you perceive from them to expand our understanding. GA Pervez also had different interpretation.
Yes, GA Parvaiz had different interpretation, which seems natural and logical in some ways but he himself is not sure about these findings. He quotes others in order to make up his stance/understanding. I mean it could be a tribe but location is not confirmed by him.
In case we take النملۃ as an ant then my translation "laughed ridiculously" fits. But the problem is الطیر, which is totally different than النملۃ or other insects etc. and you could not bring a solid evidence to prove that منطق الطیر = منطق النملۃ
Peace!
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Yes, GA Parvaiz had different interpretation, which seems natural and logical in some ways but he himself is not sure about these findings. He quotes others in order to make up his stance/understanding. I mean it could be a tribe but location is not confirmed by him.
In case we take النملۃ as an ant then my translation "laughed ridiculously" fits. But the problem is الطیر, which is totally different than النملۃ or other insects etc. and you could not bring a solid evidence to prove that منطق الطیر = منطق النملۃ
Peace!
قَالَتْ نَمْلَةٚ = منطق He smiled مِّن قَوْلِـهَا ==He understood her منطق.
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- We are trying to learn Grammar by following the teaching strategy of Grand Qur’ān on need to know basis. We have memorized that nouns in default state are always in nominative case and whenever they are not as such in the text we must enquire the reason and find the agent influencing change of case ending. This phenomenon of variations in case ending is called grammatical inflection and is the heart of Arabic grammar. It is the core of grammar and everything else revolves around it. Understand this concept is understanding the Arabic language and failing to understand it is failing to understand the language.
5.1 We have so far studied two orthographic words بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ, which on granular break are three; and found them two consecutive phrases; prepositional phrase coupled with possessive phrase. Consecutive phrases jointly constitute a unit for grammar, syntactic and translation purposes.
5.2 The first two words of Grand Qur’ān shift the fixation point of our gaze to the next fixation point where with 100% acuity we find the third word is ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ. It has 21 occurrences. The gaze signals to the brain that it is also in genitive case . This forces the brain to analyze and determine its reason as to why it is not in default state ـُ . Since our brain had already analyzed the previous phrases, therefore, it rules out the possibility of it being genitive because of the influence of preposition or because of second noun of possessive phrase. Why is it then in genitive case?
5.3 We are familiar about the concept of "Apposition" in our native/and English language. "Appositive" has its origin in the Latin verb which means "to put near or next to". It refers to the word that follows a noun to rename it or describe it in another way. Apposition is the placing of a noun beside another noun, where it shares the same grammatical function. Words in apposition are called appositives.
Apposition can either be restrictive, or non-restrictive where the second element parenthetically modifies the first. In a restrictive appositive, the second element limits or clarifies the foregoing one in some crucial way and is essential part of the expression. For example in the phrase "My friend Sher Ali --"; "Sher Ali" specifies to which friend the speaker is referring and is therefore restrictive.5.4 In a non-restrictive appositive, the second element parenthetically modifies the first without changing its scope. Non-restrictive appositives are not crucial to the meaning of the sentence. In the example if I added "My friend Sher Ali, an Assistant Professor in Islamic University,..." — the parenthetical "an Assistant Professor" does not narrow down the subject, but rather provides additional information about the subject. In English, a non-restrictive appositive must be preceded or set off by commas, while a restrictive appositive is not set off by commas.
5.5 In Arabic too, there are Equivalent Appositive and Explicative Appositive . The Equivalent Appositive is a word which has attributed to it whatever is attributed to its principle while the subordinate is intended for the attribution not its principle. In Arabic, when a noun is influenced indirectly it is termed Subordinate because it follows that which precedes it in case ending . The preceding word it mimics is called the .مَتْبُوْع The apposition noun should agree with the preceding noun's case, gender and number. The equivalent subordinate is often a Derivative Noun while the explicative subordinate is often a Substantive Noun. The principle's need of the subordinate in completing its meaning is a key indicator of Explicative Apposition. The equivalent subordinate on the other hand, is a substitute for its principle.
- The third word ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ is Explicative Appositive of preceding Proper Noun. It is bringing a noun after the first noun. It is just another way of saying the first noun. It is also used to indicate reverence of the subject. Subtle difference between Equivalent Appositive and Explicative Appositive is rendered explicit
قُلِ ٱدْعُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ أَوِ ٱدْعُوا۟ ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنَۖ
You the Messenger instruct them; "You people are directed to call-address your Sustainer Lord as Allah the Exalted, or (interchangeably) call-address by personal name Ar'Reh'maan —
أَيّٙا مَّا تَدْعُوا۟ فَلَهُ ٱلۡأَسْـمَآءُ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰۚ
At whatever point in time should you wish to seek attention supplicating by any of the two names, you should address with attribution since the names attributing the sublime connotation of exacting balance/ proportioned/ equilibrium/virtue/admirable/grandeur/ just/ majesty/ absoluteness/beauty are appropriate and exclusive for Him (Ar'Reh'maan) the Exalted.
وَلَا تَجْهَرْ بِصَلَاتِكَ وَلَا تُخَافِتْ بِـهَا وَٱبْتَغِ بَيْـنَ ذَٟلِكَ سَبِيلٙا .١١٠
Moreover, you individual should neither perform aloud your Salat Time bound protocol of servitude and allegiance nor should you reduce it to sub-vocal/zero audibility. Instead, find a way out in between two extremes.
6.1 We formally call/address persons by the status, or position held by him, or informally calling by his personal name. In between two proper nouns أَوِ which means "or, alternate-interchangeable-appositively, either"; reflects that both are the exclusive distinct Names of the same Being Who is recognized as The Only Iela'aha Sovereign Lord of the peoples. Muslims must not say, "I believe in the God", but instead they should say, "I believe in Allah (the exalted)". It renders explicit that he believes ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنُ is the Only God.
6.2 We noticed in the previous Possessive Phrase ٱسْمُ ٱللَّهِ that first noun is definite ٱلْٱسْمُ; meaning "The Name of Allah". And "The name" is then mentioned ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ.
6.3 Another example of Explicative Appositive
إِنَّمَا ٱلْمَسِيحُ عِيسَى ٱبْنُ مَـرْيَـمَ رَسُولُ ٱللَّهِ
The fact about Al-Maseiha Easa the son of Maryam is that he was only the Messenger of Allah the Exalted
6.4 A peculiar and distinguishing feature of Arabic language is that; unlike other languages; say English and Urdu in which the adjective comes first-prioritized than the described one, the مُوْصُوف/the one being described/portrayed is always mentioned first followed by the صِفَة/Adjective. Arabic, the language of our guide lord Muhammad Sal'lallaa'hoalaih'wa'salam, is a language of truth and absolute fact. The one being portrayed; in Arabic منعوت or مُوْصُوف, is mentioned first since it/he is First in Existence, and it is always the مُوْصُوف who has either inherently or intrinsically the mentioned صِفَة/adjective, quality, trait, or has acquired/adopted it. Hence, Proper Noun/Personal Name NEVER find a place at a secondary place as an adjective in the Adjectival Phrases.
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- We are amazed to observe in the syllables, movements-حَرَكَاْتٌ and terminations on the words of Qur’ān that they control our eye movements by directing the visual axis to a forward location, and restrict regressions back to material already read. Regression is a habit; a process of re-reading text that we have already read. It wastes almost one third of the time we spend on reading. Regression disrupts our concentration. Reading is not all that matters. We have to comprehend what we read because without comprehension, reading is a wasted effort. After reading/reciting the first Ayah, we are visually analysing words and their mutual relationship; and not meanings at the moment.
7.1 We have arrived to fourth word (ٱلرَّحِيـمِ) which occurs six times in Qur’ān. We have instantly visually recognized it as a noun by prefixed definite article, and additionally by genitive ending. The definite article is called (اللاَّمُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ) ."solar laam"This is so called since it is followed by one of the 14 letters of Arabic alphabet which are termed as "Sun letters"; they are ت ، ث ، د ، ذ ، ر ، ز ، س ، ش ، ص ، ض ، ط ، ظ ، ن , ل. In all such words the "ل" of definite article does not carry any sign/mark in writing and in speech is omitted and the last letter of preceding word will be conjoined to its next consonant which will be doubled and invariably carry doubling sign and will be pronounced twice. Arabic is written as a string since it has no stop marker, coma, colon, exclamation and question mark. Ayah numbers are primarily for reference purpose. The word being genitive we must explore cause why is it so written. It is the effect of its relationship with the previous Proper Noun. Both are definite, thereby, visually determined it is not possessive phrase. It is thus Adjectival Phrase (ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ ٱلرَّحِيـمِ). This Phrase in genitive occurs four times; and twice (ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنُ ٱلرَّحِـيـمُ) in nominative case.
7.2 Adjective is defined as "The part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying"
7.3 In Arabic, a true adjective is a subordinate word indicating a meaning in its principle. The important points to memorize
(a) In Arabic, the noun comes first. The one being described must come first; it is called الْمُوصُوفُ and also الْمَنْعُوتُ-the one who is described-portrayed. In the above Adjectival Phrase ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ is the مُوْصُوف-the one who is described-portrayed adjectively.
(b) The adjective follows the Noun. The description must come second; it is called الصِّفَةُ/adjective. It indicates a meaning in its principle without exception meaning without restrictions, like that of time or other restrictions. It functions as qualitative portrayal of the mentioned noun. Adjective's meaning is not for itself, rather its meaning is found in the noun which it modifies. Most often it is a derivative. ٱلرَّحِيـمِ the appositive subordinate; الصِّفَةُ/adjective in Adjectival Phrase.
(c) We observed that the ending of both the Noun-مُوْصُوف and the Adjective-صِفَةٌ are in genitive case . It is thus obvious that the grammatical case of the Noun is determined by external factors and the case of Adjective will always match it. This is important visible sign to visually recognize Adjectival Phrase. We see another Phrase with same words but different case ending ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنُ ٱلرَّحِـيـمُ . The adjective has matching nominative case ending with its Noun.
(d) Unlike Possessive Phrase, both the Nouns are visibly definite. The Noun and Adjective must correspond in definiteness. Both should either be definite or indefinite.
(e) In Arabic, a noun is either masculine or feminine. Similarly a noun is either singular, dual or plural. In the Possessive Phrase the first and the second noun worry about their own gender and plurality. But in an Adjectival Phrase the adjective/الصِّفَةُ will be masculine if the Noun-الْمُوصُوفُ is masculine. And if the Noun is feminine the Adjective will also be feminine. Similarly if the Noun is singular, the adjective will also be singular and it will respectively be dual or plural if the noun is dual or plural.
7.4 We read in English grammar that an adjective also functions to specify a noun. When both the nouns in Adjectival Phrase are indefinite, the benefit of adjective is specification of the modified noun-الْمُوصُوفُ.
Exercise List adjectival phrases in the first 500 words of Qur’ān.
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You did a wonderful job by creating ٱسْمُ ٱللَّهِ out of the word/phrase written as بِسمِ اللہ .
Your magical grammar rules have successfully changed what is intended in the message originally by the following beautiful work
- You removed the ب
- You added an Alif "ا"
3۔ You changed the diacritcal mark from Kasra ( ِ) to Damma ( ُ) - You won the hearts by translating it as "In THE Name of Allah" while there is no Al (ال) with the word (اسم)
However, more working is needed as it is still unable change the original message.
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You did a wonderful job by creating ٱسْمُ ٱللَّهِ out of the word/phrase written as بِسمِ اللہ .
Your magical grammar rules have successfully changed what is intended in the message originally by the following beautiful work
- You removed the ب
- You added an Alif "ا"
3۔ You changed the diacritcal mark from Kasra ( ِ) to Damma ( ُ) - You won the hearts by translating it as "In THE Name of Allah" while there is no Al (ال) with the word (اسم)
However, more working is needed as it is still unable change the original message.
Dear, you really need taking admission in Primary Arabic class. If the second noun of construct is definite the first noun takes definiteness from it. If you wish not take class do read some Arabic grammar book, in English you will find excellent books.
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- We are amazed to observe in the syllables, movements-حَرَكَاْتٌ and terminations on the words of Qur’ān that they control our eye movements by directing the visual axis to a forward location, and restrict regressions back to material already read. Regression is a habit; a process of re-reading text that we have already read. It wastes almost one third of the time we spend on reading. Regression disrupts our concentration. Reading is not all that matters. We have to comprehend what we read because without comprehension, reading is a wasted effort. After reading/reciting the first Ayah, we are visually analysing words and their mutual relationship; and not meanings at the moment.
7.1 We have arrived to fourth word (ٱلرَّحِيـمِ) which occurs six times in Qur’ān. We have instantly visually recognized it as a noun by prefixed definite article, and additionally by genitive ending. The definite article is called (اللاَّمُ الشَّمْسِيَّةُ) ."solar laam"This is so called since it is followed by one of the 14 letters of Arabic alphabet which are termed as "Sun letters"; they are ت ، ث ، د ، ذ ، ر ، ز ، س ، ش ، ص ، ض ، ط ، ظ ، ن , ل. In all such words the "ل" of definite article does not carry any sign/mark in writing and in speech is omitted and the last letter of preceding word will be conjoined to its next consonant which will be doubled and invariably carry doubling sign and will be pronounced twice. Arabic is written as a string since it has no stop marker, coma, colon, exclamation and question mark. Ayah numbers are primarily for reference purpose. The word being genitive we must explore cause why is it so written. It is the effect of its relationship with the previous Proper Noun. Both are definite, thereby, visually determined it is not possessive phrase. It is thus Adjectival Phrase (ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ ٱلرَّحِيـمِ). This Phrase in genitive occurs four times; and twice (ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنُ ٱلرَّحِـيـمُ) in nominative case.
7.2 Adjective is defined as "The part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying"
7.3 In Arabic, a true adjective is a subordinate word indicating a meaning in its principle. The important points to memorize
(a) In Arabic, the noun comes first. The one being described must come first; it is called الْمُوصُوفُ and also الْمَنْعُوتُ-the one who is described-portrayed. In the above Adjectival Phrase ٱلرَّحْـمَٟنِ is the مُوْصُوف-the one who is described-portrayed adjectively.
(b) The adjective follows the Noun. The description must come second; it is called الصِّفَةُ/adjective. It indicates a meaning in its principle without exception meaning without restrictions, like that of time or other restrictions. It functions as qualitative portrayal of the mentioned noun. Adjective's meaning is not for itself, rather its meaning is found in the noun which it modifies. Most often it is a derivative. ٱلرَّحِيـمِ the appositive subordinate; الصِّفَةُ/adjective in Adjectival Phrase.
(c) We observed that the ending of both the Noun-مُوْصُوف and the Adjective-صِفَةٌ are in genitive case . It is thus obvious that the grammatical case of the Noun is determined by external factors and the case of Adjective will always match it. This is important visible sign to visually recognize Adjectival Phrase. We see another Phrase with same words but different case ending ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنُ ٱلرَّحِـيـمُ . The adjective has matching nominative case ending with its Noun.
(d) Unlike Possessive Phrase, both the Nouns are visibly definite. The Noun and Adjective must correspond in definiteness. Both should either be definite or indefinite.
(e) In Arabic, a noun is either masculine or feminine. Similarly a noun is either singular, dual or plural. In the Possessive Phrase the first and the second noun worry about their own gender and plurality. But in an Adjectival Phrase the adjective/الصِّفَةُ will be masculine if the Noun-الْمُوصُوفُ is masculine. And if the Noun is feminine the Adjective will also be feminine. Similarly if the Noun is singular, the adjective will also be singular and it will respectively be dual or plural if the noun is dual or plural.
7.4 We read in English grammar that an adjective also functions to specify a noun. When both the nouns in Adjectival Phrase are indefinite, the benefit of adjective is specification of the modified noun-الْمُوصُوفُ.
Exercise List adjectival phrases in the first 500 words of Qur’ān.
- It is amazing that just four words of First Ayah of First chapter of Qur’ān has taught us how to visually recognize the most important three phrases of its vocabulary. This is what is termed as "Parsing - Syntactical analysis" of the text. Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a text. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written. Proficient reading depends on the ability to recognize words and phrases quickly and effortlessly.
8.1 And we know that recognizing words and clauses in context accelerates the reader's comprehension and costs less effort. This actually makes reading far more pleasurable because less work is required to understand the text.
8.2 The fact that the grammar of Arabic revolves around inflection is evidence that learning Arabic of Qur’ān is as easy as brains of children effortlessly learn the grammar of their native language merely by hearing and watching. Allah the Exalted rendered Qur’ān facilitator for reading and understanding grammar by putting حَرَكَاْتٌ and terminations on the words.
8.3 Inflection in Arabic, the heart of grammar, is just four signs at the end of words. We have already become familiar with genitive . Other signs are; nominative ـُ ; and accusative ـَ ; or same when doubled . The fourth sign peculiar to verbs is a small sign like at the end of this verb أَتَتْ.
8.4 Having visually recognized the three phrases and Explicative Appositive (عطف البيان), almost equivalent to Restrictive appositive in English language, it is moment to be happy that we have almost learnt about 50 percent or so of grammar of Qur’ān.
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- We are firstly trying to understand the grammar of Qur’ān which will make the next step of translation easy and accurate to a great extent. We first recite, or listen carefully the recitation of three ayahs
ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٟلَمِيـنَ .٢
ٱلرَّحْـمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيـمِ.٣
مَـٟلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ .٤
9.1 The fifth word is ٱلْحَمْدُ, recurrence 26 times. which we have immediately and effortlessly recognized as definite noun. It is the first word which is nominative (مَرْفُوْع). It is by now almost our habit to first relate the word and see whether it links to its previous word. Since it is nominative, our brain instantly determined it is not related to previous word in any relation, but is an independent element introduced.9.2 We will be amazed to find that the writing and translation system of the Messenger RNA in human genome/DNA is almost like the writing and translation system of Qur’ān. There are 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome. A gene comprises of a sequence of Codons. A codon is a set of three consecutive nucleotides in the Messenger RNA molecule that codes for one amino acid. Thus each gene encodes the sequence of amino acids that will produce a specific protein. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids specifies protein shape and function.
9.3 In Arabic language, a gene corresponds to a sentence that conveys a complete thought/proposition. And codon corresponds to a word or phrase—grammatical unit in a sentence, which imparts only one meaning, like the Codon that encodes a specific amino acid. And their sequence in a sentence signifies the type of sentence by structure and function—meanings.
9.4 The number of amino acids is only twenty. Thus there are twenty codons, each for a specific amino acids, notwithstanding that a gene may just have two codons, or may contain sequence of hundreds of codons for different proteins. Apart from 20 codons encoding amino acids, there is a start codon and end codon that signal the point from where protein code begins and ends. Thus for preparing a life sustaining protein there are 22 codons in Human genome. Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation. The word "proteinogenic" means "protein creating". Throughout known life, there are 22 genetically encoded (proteinogenic) amino acids, 20 in the standard genetic code and an additional 2 (selenocysteine and pyrrolysine) that can be incorporated by special translation mechanisms.
9.5 Likewise, in Arabic language there are only 22 positions for reflecting the role and function a noun performs in sentences. These twenty two declensions of a noun signify its role in the sentence two genitives, eight nominative, and twelve accusative. Similarly, the words that start a sentence/topic are peculiar in the text of Grand Qur’ān which enables the reader to identify the point where it ends.
9.6 In the First Ayah, we have seen that there are only two grammatical units (like 2 codons of a protein). Since the fifth orthographic word (ٱلْحَمْدُ) does not link with the previous one, it is like Start codon of a gene, i.e. a new sentence. And previous word (ٱلرَّحِيـمِ) is like the End codon, the end of earlier sentence.
Awesome!
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- We have determined that fifth word is starting a new sentence. Taking help from "teach yourself" books, we find the subject of a sentence is in nominative case, when it is a noun, and is definite. One way to categorize sentences is with respect to the first word. If the first word is a noun, the sentence is termed (جملة اسمية) nominal sentence. And if it is a verb, it is termed (جملة فعلية) verbal sentence. If the first word is neither of these two, in other words it’s a particle, then we simply ignore it and consider the first non-particle word.
10.1 All sentences have two essential parts, subject and predicate. The subject (topic) of a nominal sentence is termed مُبْتَدَأ, literally meaning the person or thing first mentioned — commencement; start. Thus even the terminology has analogy of Start Codon. Predicate (comment) of nominal sentence is termed خَبَر, literally meaning report, proposition, news, or information. The Predicate is the part that completes the meaning of the Subject. It tells us about the subject or gives us information about it.
10.2 In Arabic, there is no copula, a connecting word, in particular a form of the verb "be" connecting a subject and predicate/comment. Therefore, when translating, words like "is", "was" etc. are put between these two parts.
10.3 This information makes us understand the type of sentence in the First Ayah. It started with a preposition and none of the later nouns is in nominative case. Thereby, we realize some word/s are elided in the beginning. Such sentences are termed elliptical. Ellipses in sentences is universal and are a rhetorical device.
10.4 The sixth word (لِلَّهِ) occurs 129 times. It is a Prepositional phrase. The second genitive particle (لِ) used is mostly a prefix. Hamza wasl (ٱللَّهِ) gets elided. The suffixed preposition "لِ" always turns the attached noun in the "Genitive" state . It is for specification, to indicate exclusivity; or for explanation. Since it is phrase, it does not link to the previous nominative word, the subject that needs a predicate. Therefore, we link it to the elided predicate before it. And take it as second sentence (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ) of the Divine Discourse.
10.5 The predicate/comment of a sentence may be a single word, a phrase, or an entire sentence. When it is an entire sentence, that sentence will have its own structure and all the rules will apply to it as well. The embedded sentence must be treated as a brand new sentence with its own internal rules, grammatical positions, and so forth. If the prepositional phrase is ready to become the comment, we will need to assume a hidden verb to which the phrases will connect. That hidden verb, along with the phrase, would then become an entire (embedded) sentence and then the comment for the greater sentence. This sentence occurs 23 times. Once it is inverted
فَلِلَّهِ ٱلْحَمْدُ رَبِّ ٱلسَّمَٟوَٟتِ وَرَبِّ ٱلۡأَرْضِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٟلَمِيـنَ .٣٦
Therefore, the Infinite Glory and Praise stands specified, eternally and exclusively, for Allah the Sustainer Lord of the Skies; and the Sustainer Lord of the Earth, the Sustainer Lord of all the Known/Existing Worlds/all that exists.
It is Syntactic foregrounding which refers to the use of unusual sentence structures to draw attention to a particular part of a text. This could involve inversion (reversing the normal word order), repetition, omission of certain elements, or other deviations from conventional syntax. The unusual structure creates a stylistic effect, making the reader pay more attention to the foregrounded elements.
10.6 It is made explicit at the very outset of the Divine Discourse that Arabic is a pro-drop language. Taking care of elisions in the source text and incorporating it in target language text are important to correctly convey the perception embedded therein. Ellipses at the sentence level is distinguished from other types of omissions by the condition of recoverability. The basic principle of ellipsis in Arabic is that nothing can be omitted unless it can be recovered. Recoverability is the essential condition put forward by Arab grammarians for ellipsis. Ellipsis is not allowed if there are no indicators to help the addressee/reader to identify the elided elements.
10.7 Thus it is easy to visually notice the elisions in the text when a prepositional phrase does not link to previous word. If you have felt worried that how would you try translating the First Ayah when there is no word and text before it, then please wait a while and remain confident Qur’ān will teach us how to translate and understand it.
Remember Arabs dislike using larger quantity of words and like to convey voluminous information by employing minimum words. It also reflects that the Arabic language regards its listener and reader as a responsible, attentive and intelligent person who focuses his listening and perception faculties on that which is being stated. Thus the placing of words which could compromise the literary par excellence of the text along with offence to the first Arab listeners, it is elided. The elisions are conspicuous by grammatical structures; and for the readers of later time-frame, the semantics of the elided element are also mentioned at another place with repetition of key words in the elliptical sentences.
Remember It is just two worded simple sentence. It should remain on our tongue at the moment of accomplishing anything/act of rightful import, say having drank water. By doing this we do embarrass Ieb'lees (Satan) who had stated to Allah the Exalted that He will not most of us as grateful-acknowledgers of greatness bestowed (see 717). By saying this it shows us more than thankful.