New article: What is the meaning of "al masjid al haram"?
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Both (hebrew and arab) have borrowed qbl from aramaic. They are linguistically called borrowed words/loanwords. The original meaning though is 'facing/orientation/direction'. You are quoting derivatives not the original aramaic meaning. Daniel is well-known by experts for it's heavy use of aramaic borrowed words and so is Quran.
This is exactly where Wakas article is failing. It fails to recognize this is a borrowed aramaic word and tries to find meaning using Quran only. He's overlooking this word is older than Quran and the arab language. It is not an arab word originally. It has plenty of occurrences outside Quran like in Daniel, you have to test any thesis using those external sources as well. You can't just alter the meaning of a word like you wish. Linguistics are not a puzzle game.
Wakas article uses a methodology that tries to fit pieces (meaning) inside Quranic verses only, like a puzzle game. He should do a better job at crosschecking the etymology of words first. Not only is this overlooked in the article what concerns qibla but also concerning masjid which is a borrowed word as well.
@Wakas I hope you can appreciate this as a constructive criticism, crosscheck the etymology of these words yourself. Don't take my word for it. Once you take etymology into consideration as well, I'm sure the quality of your article will surpass the amateuristic level it is at now. Imagine if all linguists would use this methodology, using one book only to discover the meaning of a word that is untranslated and borrowed from a donor other language. It would be a total mess. No one would agree with the meaning of anything. It's not an objective methodology, it's entirely subjective which undermines all the effort that was put into the work.
Any linguist will tell you when studying the meaning of a loanword you are making a huge mistake by ignoring the donor language. These words are borrowed untranslated. You have to look at the donor language.
Other examples of loanwords are eg kindergarten in English, the donor language is german. If you want to know what kindergarten means, you have to study the donor language. There is just no other way. What Wakas is doing, and others in this thread, is trying to understand the meaning of kindergarten using the English language only, ignoring the donor language, german, entirely. One can see how that is a lost case to being with. In case of qibla, the donor language is aramaic. Wakas and others in this thread refuse to even look at the donor language and its use in known sources using the root word or having loaned the word as well.
Anyone that doesn't understand the importance of the above, is in my opinion incapable of shedding any light on the matter, but will rather cause more confusion.
If anyone is interested in online tools to check the etymology of quranic and arab words just private message me, I will hook a brother/sister up. jedi
Peace
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Gods messenger didn't borrow any words. The arab language borrowed words from aramaic. Plenty. Languages are the product of human culture. God nor his messenger have anything to do with how a language evolves. Clearly linguistics aren't your forte, hicham9. I can't imagine you are claiming Gods messenger invented the arab language... rotfl
Check any etymological reference on arab foreign words/loanwords. This is not my opinion this is an established linguistic fact.
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Loanword_classification_tree_3.gif
It's funny how Wakas realized in his article the grammar of masjid in Quran does not obey the proper arabic rules, of course it doesn't it's an imported word. Just like qbl. Instead of acknowledging it's importation he ties conclusions to flawed grammatical rules for places. I'm truly amazed few on this forum are even aware of the aramaic foreign words and loanwords inside Quran. This should be basic knowledge. The hebrew scriptures are filled with a similar phenomenon. Which should be no surprise to those who are familiar with it.
I'm really sorry to be the big bad wolf that is breaking this news to you guys. I know it will make things harder filling in your own desires into quranic meaning.
Peace
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Clearly linguistics aren't your forte, hicham9.
You think you can "teach" me about linguistics when you can't even distinguish between (emitic) prep. qbl and n.f. qblh!!?
You sure got some nerve, ninny!
I can't imagine you are claiming Gods messenger invented the arab language... rotfl
I never made such a claim!
That's what you wish I had said!
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You think you can "teach" me about linguistics when you can't even distinguish between (?emitic) qbl and qblh!!?
You sure got some nerve, ninny!
I never made such a claim!
Edit The first is clearly the root word as I stated the originally imported aramaic word, qblh is its derivative. Are you refuting this?
In English equivalents this is facing and in front of. I pointed this out to you many times before you are only referring to the derivative. Apparently you fail to understand what that means.
Both (hebrew and arab) have borrowed qbl from aramaic. They are linguistically called borrowed words/loanwords. The original meaning though is 'facing/orientation/direction'. You are quoting derivatives not the original aramaic meaning. Daniel is well-known by experts for it's heavy use of aramaic borrowed words and so is Quran.
You insinuated Gods messenger invented the arab language here
G-D's messenger didn't "borrow" any "foreign" words!
It insinuates those words didn't exist before the messenger. I nowhere referred/involved Gods messenger in linguistic understanding of qbl. That was your work.
But it might as well be total ignorance. If you fail to address the root word and exclusively want to stick to the derivative form it seems to me you are trying to exclude and obscure the most original meaning of the word. Not sure if you will understand it this time though. qbl was the original import into hebrew and arab. qblh is a derivative of qbl.
Peace
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The front of my house has a qeble that is north. My garage has a qeble that is south etc. All these are valid in aramaic and in arab. None of those things, neither my house nor garage is travelling or going anywhere. Neither is Daniel crawling on his knees towards Jerusalem three times a day when the aramaic qbl is used in Daniel 611. Here's a transliteration
611 vdny
l kdy ydj dy-rsym ktbjl lbyth vkvyn ptyxn lh bjlyth ngd yrvslm vzmnyn tlth byvmhvbrk jl-brkvhy vm&lvmvdqdmlhh kl-qbl dy-hvjbd mn-qdmt dnh.Note the occurence of the aramaic qbl even in the hebrew version. Interestingly enough this verse is explicitly used for a prayer direction, namely Jerusalem. Daniel is nowhere near the vicinity of Jerusalem as he lived his entire lifetime in Babylonian captivity. Need to say more?
Good thing traffic signs aren't in quranic arabic or you'd all be driving in the wrong direction )
I guess many of you have a problem with getting on their knees for God, regardless of the direction that is appointed by God. So be it. I think I provided conclusive evidence.
Pardon my ignorance rlz but,
how is biblical the same as n.f. qblh (ه again!?Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah, Blah Blah Blah. qblh is a derivative of qbl.
http//s.quickmeme.com/img/d3/d39c40061a16e8031865933003bd312669fe817377d156470b7af1b7618a5790.jpg
qblh (ه qbylh (ه] is derived from the Arabian, emitic root qbl () ~ to oppose, receive, or appeal to
Add.
The Qurn was not "revealed" in (what we call) "Classical Arabic" (but in an* Arabian tongue).
CA was formulated by (post-qurnic) Ajamites (e.g., Sb/Sibawayh); !
~ Both the script and vocabulary (of the Qurn) bespeak an Aramean origin
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Add.
The Qurn doesn't depend/rely on Aramaic lexicons !
E.g., the Qurnic term mskyn (ن is defined/understood as 'poor' in MSA (and many colloquial dialects of Arabic). The term is further rendered a poor (man), in both Aramaic and C.Arabic lexicons! However, to understand the precise, intended meaning (of any Qurnic locution), one will need to dig back to the primary root meaning/s ~ and realize/figure out (on his/her own) that QA mskyn actually denotes the unsheltered = one without a mskn (ن ... Now, since G-D, our Master and Teacher, doesn't use synonyms , the Qurnic term for a 'poor (person)' is fqyr .
Ps.
Mind you, instead of just parroting what others thinkI began studying Aramaic/Syriac ~ on my own .
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I'll let the moderators deal with the insulting part of your post.
You claim to be studying aramaic but still you can't translate qbl.
Try your translation in Daniel 611 and you will see your are deliberately obscuring the original meaning of 'facing'. I understand you were once a sunni that prayed towards Mecca. Which was a wrong direction. Your denial of a direction (Temple Mount) is equally a mistake.
CA was formulated by (post-qurnic) Ajamites (e.g., Sb/Sibawayh); !
This misconception can be explained by your demonstrated misunderstanding and denial of loanwords.
Your reaction to me using the argument of loanwords inside Quran
How absurd!
G-D's messenger didn't "borrow" any "foreign" words!
That's a misconception on your part.
Peace
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Double post
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Thanks to Wakas list, contrasting the verses to the thesis Masjid Al-Haram is Temple Mount will be easy for me
Glory be to the One who took with/by His servant (at) night from al maSJD al haram to al maSJD al aqsa which We have blessed around it that We may show him of Our signs.
=> Temple Mount does not cause incompatibility nightly travel from Temple Mount to the farthest removed masjid
We will surely turn thee (onto/to) a focal-point that will please thee so turn thy face/purpose/consideration in the direction (of) al maSJD al haram and wherever that you are so turn your faces/purposes/considerations in its direction and indeed those who have been given the writ/decree know that it is the truth from their Lord.
=> Temple mount is the focal point
Those to whom We have given the decree/writ recognise it like they recognise their sons; and indeed a group of them surely hides the truth while they know
from wherever thou start/come forth so turn thy face/purpose/consideration in the direction (of) al masjid al haram and wherever that you are so turn your faces/purposes/considerations in its direction so that not will be for the people against you debate, except those who wronged among them. So do not fear them, but fear Me and that I may complete My favour upon you and so that you may be guided.=> Denotes the ancestry of Temple Mount, recognize it like their sons meaning Temple Mount is the spiritual heritage of the entire lineage of prophets and messengers in the abrahamic tradition. Every abrahamic messenger/prophet who received a decree knew about the importance of Temple Mount.
And do not fight them AAinda/(in the presence of) al masjid al haram until they fight you in it
=> Jerusalem was conquered manu militari by islamic forces. They get instructed not to shed blood on Temple Mount itself unless they get attacked.
That is for one whose people are not at-hand/present (at) al masjid al haram
hindering from the way/path of God and to reject in it and (reject in) al masjid al haram, and expelling its people from it is a greater wrong AAinda/(in the presence of) God=> Those hindering are the byzantine christian controllers of Jerusalem, a thorn in Gods eye. The path also in literal understanding is valid the roads the Jewish pilgrims undertook to reach Temple Mount were nowhere safe or secure.
And why should God not punish them while they hinder from al maSJD al haram, and they were not its guardians/protectors! Its guardians/protectors are the conscientious
those who have rejected/concealed and hinder from the path of God and al masjid al haram which We made for mankind, equal are the devotee/attached/resident in it and the bedouin/visitor/traveller, and whoever intends/wishes in it deviation (or) wrongdoing, We will make him taste from painful retribution.=> This is an explicit reference to the refused access by the byzantine christians to the jews. Backed up historical record. The byzantines/christians were the worst guardians of Temple Mount limiting access and allowing access to polytheists. After Jerusalem fell to islamic hands, Muslims granted unhindered access to the Jews.
They are those who concealed/rejected and hindered you from/concerning al maSJD al haram, and prevented the offering/gift from reaching its permitted/lawful place.
=> Again referring to the christians hindering the jews to access temple mount.
Certainly, God has confirmed His messenger's vision with truth/reality, surely you (plural) will enter al masjid al haram, if God wills, securing/trusting, unburdening/relieving your chiefs/representatives, and restraining/relinquishing not fearing.
=> God promises they will conquer Temple Mount and they will enter it. Backed up by the historical record.
And let not the hatred of a people because they hindered you from/concerning al masjid al haram; that you transgress.
those whom you made a pledge AAinda/(in the presence of) al masjid al haram.=> Again referring to those hindering, the byzantines/christians.
Have you made the watering of those undertaking HaJJ and development/cultivation (of) al maSJD al haram like the one who believed in God and the Last Day and strived in the cause of God?
the polytheists are impure so let them not approach/near al maSJD al haram after this year of theirs; and if you fear poverty, then soon God will enrich you from His bounty=> The Hajj to Temple Mount was already a fact for the Jews. Jews who were expelled from Jerusalem and were only allowed to visit Temple mount during a certain time of year. Their security was not provided for while travelling there. Nor did they receive any hospitality like food and water when they arrived there. This while polytheists had free access to the place. Muslims are instructed to provide to those undertaking HaJJ to Temple mount and secure their unhindered access. The development/cultivation of Temple Mount refers to the deplorable state of Temple Mount was in under byzantine/christian rule close to a garbage dump.
If you don't see how these verses are all pointing to the historical record of Jerusalem, I'm afraid you suffer from a blindness that isn't caused by lack of eyesight.
Wakas discovered these verses were revealed chronologically in the later period. This ligns up perfectly with the first clashes of the muslims with byzantine forces.
Also understand this sheds light on the origin of Hajj. The origin of Hajj is the expelling of Jews from Jerusalem by the byzantine christian controllers. The instructions involving those undertaking Hajj to Temple Mount are countermeasures to the terrible treatment of the Jewish pilgrims to Temple Mount by the polytheists and christians.
I'll let the reader digest this (and hicham9 rage at me like we are used to) before adding more information. But do realize the implications while reading this. There is no such thing as a Jewish faith that is seperate from Islam. There is only one God. Only one faith. The schism between Judaism and Islam has been nothing but the work of wrongdoers and sectarians turning on their heels. You either accept one God, one faith, one qibla, one hajj OR become part of another sect that disputes and obscures the unity of Gods system.
Peace
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For those interested in the architectural evidence, check this link to find out how much the current mosque in mecca is a more recent/cheap replica of what used to be on Temple Mount. A replica of the temple that used to stand on Temple Mount built as masquerade for those who turned on their heels (polytheists) and preferred worshipping a desert meteorite that is simply a meaningless rock. It also compares the shared traditions concerning Hajj, supporting my thesis the Hajj in Quran originates from the Jewish tradition. And leaving no doubt what the original and only qibla is.
http//www.judaism-islam.com/similarities-between-masjid-al-haram-and-the-jewish-temple/
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I'll let the moderators deal with the insulting part of your post.
You claim to be studying aramaic but still you can't translate qbl.
Try your translation in Daniel 611 and you will see your are deliberately obscuring the original meaning of 'facing'. I understand you were once a sunni that prayed towards Mecca. Which was a wrong direction. Your denial of a direction (Temple Mount) is equally a mistake.
This misconception can be explained by your demonstrated misunderstanding and denial of loanwords.
Your reaction to me using the argument of loanwords inside Quran
http//s.quickmeme.com/img/d3/d39c40061a16e8031865933003bd312669fe817377d156470b7af1b7618a5790.jpg
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It is interesting to know that the religious corruption of Pagan ritualism started in the Biblical account already. This book is not surprisingly involving the Persians who are responsible for much interference in the interpretation of Quran and "Islam". Daniel is a servant of a Persian king, but the book is written several hundred years later. Despite dealing with Korosh/Cyrus.
Traditionally ascribed to Daniel himself, modern scholarly consensus considers the book pseudonymous, the stories of the first half legendary in origin, and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the Maccabean period (2nd century BCE).
Despite this the book frequently uses first person 'I'.
The visions of chapters 7?12 reflect the crisis which took place in Judea in 167?164 BCE when Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Greek king of the Seleucid Empire, threatened to destroy traditional Jewish worship in Jerusalem.
Why was is written 2nd century BC you think? Propaganda!
Daniel's exclusion from the Hebrew Bible's canon of the prophets, which was closed around 200 BCE, suggests it was not known at that time, and the Wisdom of Sirach, from around 180 BCE, draws on almost every book of the Old Testament except Daniel, leading scholars to suppose that its author was unaware of it. Daniel is, however, quoted by the author of a section of the Sibylline Oracles commonly dated to the middle of the 2nd century BCE, and was popular at Qumran beginning at much the same time, suggesting that it was known and revered from the middle of that century.
Daniel falls into two halves, chapters 1?6 containing six tales of Jewish heroism set in the Babylonian court, and chapters 7?12 containing four apocalyptic visions. This is complicated somewhat by the fact that chapters 1 and 8?12 are in Hebrew and 2?7 in Aramaic. The reasons behind this have never been satisfactorily explained.
There are some very unlikely passages in Daniel.
The Old Testament is to a great extent Persian Zoroastrian propaganda with fire altars etc.
If Daniel uses Qbl to speak of prayer towards Jerusalem then it is a fabrication for why does GOD need such a practice anyway. It is irrelevant. The Biblical Gospels do not mention anything such as it. The Torah (the lawgiving part only) has no mention of a decreed prayer ritual. Abraham is never seen observe a prayer ritual. They may be seen prostrate, but not any particular details, direction or timing.
Quran has no mention of a prayer ritual in a real interpretation. Even in a weak interpretation there are never any coherent details on how to pray. If Quran is an instruction and a guide and a ritual was prescribed, then Quran would coherently say so, not scatter vague hints across the scripture and yet then it does not provide any instruction as on how to perform this nonexistent ritual.
Realize it. There is no prayer ritual. Only clerical propaganda and a fabricated sectarian doctrine forced into an innocent context.
Be well
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It is interesting to know that the religious corruption of Pagan ritualism started in the Biblical account already. This book is not surprisingly involving the Persians who are responsible for much interference in the interpretation of Quran and "Islam". Daniel is a servant of a Persian king, but the book is written several hundred years later. Despite dealing with Korosh/Cyrus.
Despite this the book frequently uses first person 'I'.
Why was is written 2nd century BC you think? Propaganda!
There are some very unlikely passages in Daniel.
The Old Testament is to a great extent Persian Zoroastrian propaganda with fire altars etc.
If Daniel uses Qbl to speak of prayer towards Jerusalem then it is a fabrication for why does GOD need such a practice anyway. It is irrelevant. The Biblical Gospels do not mention anything such as it. The Torah (the lawgiving part only) has no mention of a decreed prayer ritual. Abraham is never seen observe a prayer ritual. They may be seen prostrate, but not any particular details, direction or timing.
Quran has no mention of a prayer ritual in a real interpretation. Even in a weak interpretation there are never any coherent details on how to pray. If Quran is an instruction and a guide and a ritual was prescribed, then Quran would coherently say so, not scatter vague hints across the scripture and yet then it does not provide any instruction as on how to perform this nonexistent ritual.
Realize it. There is no prayer ritual. Only clerical propaganda and a fabricated sectarian doctrine forced into an innocent context.
Be well
It would serve you well if you were able to distinct the debate concerning ritual prayer from the debate over the qibla/masjid al haram. They are not linked to each other. As I stated before, any static object can have a qibla. Like the houses in misra were orientated to Temple Mount, so do mosques have a qibla wall. In my opinion it is highly recommended to pray in the direction of Temple Mount but it is by no means dogmatic. God is most forgiving.
I dispute your theory on the zoroastrian influence in Daniel. It would make no sense at all Daniel prayed facing Jerusalem if he was zoroastrian. Not only is Daniel evidence inside the hebrew scriptures. So is David. Not to mention Temple Mount is crucial in the story of Ibrahim, Isaac, Solomon. There is not one confirmed messenger in Quran that is not strongly connected to the place, either by location or by focus of prayer.
But feel free to ignore all this lineage of prophets/messengers strongly linked to Jerusalem and experience your faith any which way you feel is right. Just don't pretend you're still adhering to the faith of Ibrahim.
Peace
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For some Rabbinic and Talmudic evidence, Mof
"...O Jerusalem, the built up Jerusalem is like a city that is united together...Pray for the peace of Jerusalem..." (Psalms 1222-6);
Berakhot 30 ?One should direct one?s HEART towards Jerusalem.?
Brachot 27a If one is praying in the Land of Israel, he should direct his heart towards Jerusalem; If he is standing in Jerusalem, he should face towards the Holy Temple
Why are the fruits of Ginosar not found in Jerusalem? So that the pilgrims should not say "were it only incumbent on us to eat the fruits of Ginosar in Jerusalem, it would be enough" ? Pesachim 8b
Jerusalem is the light of the world ? Bereshit Rabbah 59
The Land of Israel sits at the centre of the world and Jerusalem sits at the centre of the Land of Israel ? Tanchuma Kedoshim 10
All who pray in Jerusalem - it is as if he prayed before the throne of glory, because the gate of heaven is situated there ? Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer 35
From the day Jerusalem was destroyed, God has no joy, until He rebuilds Jerusalem and returns Israel to it ? Yalkut Shimoni Lamentations 1009
1 Kings 846-50 ""If they sin against thee, (for there is no man that sinneth not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them to the enemy, so that they carry them away captive unto the land of the enemy, far off or near; 47 yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they are carried captive, and turn again, and make supplication unto thee in the land of them that carried them captive, saying, We have sinned, and have done perversely, we have dealt wickedly; 48 if they return unto thee with all their heart and with all their soul in the land of their enemies, which carried them captive, and pray unto thee toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, the city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name 49 then hear thou their prayer and their supplication in heaven thy dwelling place, and maintain their cause; 50 and forgive thy people which have sinned against thee, and all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee; and give them compassion before those who carried them captive, that they may have compassion on them."
The mizrah of old synagogues all point to Jerusalem
Excavations of ancient synagogues show that their design generally conformed with the Talmudic and traditional rule on prayer direction. The synagogues excavated west of Eretz Israel in Miletus, Priene, and Aegina all show an eastern orientation. Josephus, in his work Against Apion, recorded that the same was the case for Egyptian synagogues. Synagogues north of Jerusalem and west of the Jordan River, as in Bet Alfa, Capernaum, Hammath, and Khorazin, all face southward, whereas houses of worship east of the Jordan all face west. In the south, the synagogue excavated at Masada faces northwest to Jerusalem. The Tosefta's regulation that the entrance to the synagogue should be on the eastern side, while the orientation of the building should be toward the west was followed only in the synagogue in Irbid.
Peace
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Please keep to the topic of the thread without insults. Thanks.
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peace rlz,
Can you direct me to where you posted information about the origins of the Arabic word QBL (ideally with source). I would be surprised if my analysis was way off the Hebrew/Aramaic meanings, albeit I do not consider alleged origin words as definitive proof of a meaning when used in Arabic Quran.
e.g.
http//judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/5778/are-the-aramaic-root-%D7%A7-%D7%91-%D7%9C-and-the-hebrew-root-%D7%A7-%D7%91-%D7%9C-related -
It is not like I take religious tradition as a proof there is a religious ritual and a military style prayer. There is immense falsehood in Judah tradition.
The idea of sanctifying a place is a religious idea, but I say a place is not more holy than its inhabitants at one given moment. There is no holiness in the "flesh" than what a spirit makes for itself.
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Masjids represent the signs of God, they became the platform to unite people's minds for the common cause of Goodness.
Qibla is what one accept to face ( the masjid) to establish our prayers, receive guidance and not turn away. Some people thought its one specific place
that has great value and kept that to be their qiblah, but Quran says, east and west, everything belongs to him and Allah guides whom He wills to. -
peace rlz,
Can you direct me to where you posted information about the origins of the Arabic word QBL (ideally with source). I would be surprised if my analysis was way off the Hebrew/Aramaic meanings, albeit I do not consider alleged origin words as definitive proof of a meaning when used in Arabic Quran.
e.g.
http//judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/5778/are-the-aramaic-root-%D7%A7-%D7%91-%D7%9C-and-the-hebrew-root-%D7%A7-%D7%91-%D7%9C-relatedYour analysis is obscuring the usage of the same aramaic root in Daniel. Coincidentally there it is clear evidence of being a direction pointing to a geographical place. If you don't feel a loanword can be studied from studying its donor language then you are proving my point.
If your analysis was correct the aramaic qbl shouldn't be there in Daniel used as a geographical direction. You further substantiate this by only testing the traditional thesis of Masjid Al-Haram being in Mecca. The thesis of Temple Mount is thrown out the door with very poor arguments (being a place of conflict today - which is factually incorrect).
The historical data for the Temple Mount thesis are totally absent. This while during the era of revelation of Quran, Jerusalem was controlled by byzantine christians and polytheists (persians) - controlling the access of jews to Temple Mount. All three of those historical actors are mentioned in the verses dealing with the Qibla. They should at least be part of your analysis, for that reason alone.
In the entire length of your article the keyword "Temple Mount" is entirely absent. Why are you afraid to test this thesis in your analysis? This is my main criticism your conclusion is preemptive. You can't conclude qibla is not a geographical location when the location of Temple Mount is simply ignored. This illustrates how good a job the sectarians did. Not only do they succeed in convincing many to believe there was a change in qibla ordered by God, they also succeeded in fooling most muslims the masjid al-haram can't possibly be Temple Mount because we all know it is Mecca. When reading your article I get a strong feeling you are still indoctrinated by the hadith fabricated change in qiblah and hadith replacement of Temple Mount by the Kaaba in Mecca. I challenge you to look at those critically. Do you really think some insignificant place that is nowhere mentioned in any contemporary historical record, called Mecca, is the correct identification of masjid-al haram? If you agree it can't be, anyone sincere would examine if the change in qibla itself wasn't a lie.
For online documentation dealing with the qbl loanword in hebrew I would have to google myself. If I find good references online I will link them in this thread.
Peace
