Religious People Do Not Behave More Morally Than Atheists
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Summary
This finding has now been confirmed in numerous laboratory and field studies. Overall, the results are clear No matter how we define morality, religious people do not behave more morally than atheists, although they often say (and likely believe) that they do.Religion provided an answer by introducing beliefs about all-knowing, all-powerful gods who punish moral transgressions. As human societies grew larger, so did the occurrence of such beliefs. And in the absence of efficient secular institutions, the fear of God was crucial for establishing and maintaining social order. In those societies, a sincere belief in a punishing supernatural watcher was the best guarantee of moral behavior, providing a public signal of compliance with social norms.
Today we have other ways of policing morality, but this evolutionary heritage is still with us. Although statistics show that atheists commit fewer crimes than average, the widespread prejudice against them, as highlighted by our study, reflects intuitions that have been forged through centuries and might be hard to overcome.
Details
Are religious people more moral?
https//theconversation.com/are-religious-people-more-moral-84560
By Dimitris Xygalatas
Assistant Professor in Anthropology, University of ConnecticutWhy do people distrust atheists?
A recent study we conducted, led by psychologist Will Gervais, found widespread and extreme moral prejudice against atheists around the world. Across all continents, people assumed that those who committed immoral acts, even extreme ones such as serial murder, were more likely to be atheists.
Although this was the first demonstration of such bias at a global scale, its existence is hardly surprising.
Survey data show that Americans are less trusting of atheists than of any other social group. For most politicians, going to church is often the best way to garner votes, and coming out as an unbeliever could well be political suicide. After all, there are no open atheists in the U.S. Congress. The only known religiously unaffiliated representative describes herself as ?none,? but still denies being an atheist.
So, where does such extreme prejudice come from? And what is the actual evidence on the relationship between religion and morality?
How does religion relate to morality?
It is true that the world?s major religions are concerned with moral behavior. Many, therefore, might assume that religious commitment is a sign of virtue, or even that morality cannot exist without religion.
Both of these assumptions, however, are problematic.
Are ethical ideals of one religion limited to group members? Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston, CC BY-ND
For one thing, the ethical ideals of one religion might seem immoral to members of another. For instance, in the 19th century, Mormons considered polygamy a moral imperative, while Catholics saw it as a mortal sin.Moreover, religious ideals of moral behavior are often limited to group members and might even be accompanied by outright hatred against other groups. In 1543, for example, Martin Luther, one of the fathers of Protestantism, published a treatise titled ?On the Jews and their Lies,? echoing anti-Semitic sentiments that have been common among various religious groups for centuries.
These examples also reveal that religious morality can and does change with the ebb and flow of the surrounding culture. In recent years, several Anglican churches have revised their moral views to allow contraception, the ordination of women and the blessing of same-sex unions.
Discrepancy between beliefs and behavior
In any case, religiosity is only loosely related to theology. That is, the beliefs and behaviors of religious people are not always in accordance with official religious doctrines. Instead, popular religiosity tends to be much more practical and intuitive. This is what religious studies scholars call ?theological incorrectness.?
Buddhism, for example, may officially be a religion without gods, but most Buddhists still treat Buddha as a deity. Similarly, the Catholic Church vehemently opposes birth control, but the vast majority of Catholics practice it anyway. In fact, theological incorrectness is the norm rather than the exception among believers.
For this reason, sociologist Mark Chaves called the idea that people behave in accordance with religious beliefs and commandments the ?religious congruence fallacy.?
This discrepancy among beliefs, attitudes and behaviors is a much broader phenomenon. After all, communism is an egalitarian ideology, but communists do not behave any less selfishly.
So, what is the actual evidence on the relationship between religion and morality?
Do people practice what they preach?
Social scientific research on the topic offers some intriguing results.
When researchers ask people to report on their own behaviors and attitudes, religious individuals claim to be more altruistic, compassionate, honest, civic and charitable than nonreligious ones. Even among twins, more religious siblings describe themselves are being more generous.
But when we look at actual behavior, these differences are nowhere to be found.
Researchers have now looked at multiple aspects of moral conduct, from charitable giving and cheating in exams to helping strangers in need and cooperating with anonymous others.
In a classical experiment known as the ?Good Samaritan Study,? researchers monitored who would stop to help an injured person lying in an alley. They found that religiosity played no role in helping behavior, even when participants were on their way to deliver a talk on the parable of the good Samaritan.
This finding has now been confirmed in numerous laboratory and field studies. Overall, the results are clear No matter how we define morality, religious people do not behave more morally than atheists, although they often say (and likely believe) that they do.
When and where religion has an impact
On the other hand, religious reminders do have a documented effect on moral behavior.
Studies conducted among American Christians, for example, have found that participants donated more money to charity and even watched less porn on Sundays. However, they compensated on both accounts during the rest of the week. As a result, there were no differences between religious and nonreligious participants on average.
Likewise, a study conducted in Morocco found that whenever the Islamic call to prayer was publicly audible, locals contributed more money to charity. However, these effects were short-lived Donations increased only within a few minutes of each call, and then dropped again.
Numerous other studies have yielded similar results. In my own work, I found that people became more generous and cooperative when they found themselves in a place of worship.
Interestingly, one?s degree of religiosity does not seem to have a major effect in these experiments. In other words, the positive effects of religion depend on the situation, not the disposition.
Religion and rule of law
Not all beliefs are created equal, though. A recent cross-cultural study showed that those who see their gods as moralizing and punishing are more impartial and cheat less in economic transactions. In other words, if people believe that their gods always know what they are up to and are willing to punish transgressors, they will tend to behave better, and expect that others will too.
Such a belief in an external source of justice, however, is not unique to religion. Trust in the rule of law, in the form of an efficient state, a fair judicial system or a reliable police force, is also a predictor of moral behavior.
And indeed, when the rule of law is strong, religious belief declines, and so does distrust against atheists.
The co-evolution of God and society
Scientific evidence suggests that humans ? and even our primate cousins ? have innate moral predispositions, which are often expressed in religious philosophies. That is, religion is a reflection rather than the cause of these predispositions.
But the reason religion has been so successful in the course of human history is precisely its ability to capitalize on those moral intuitions.
The historical record shows that supernatural beings have not always been associated with morality. Ancient Greek gods were not interested in people?s ethical conduct. Much like the various local deities worshiped among many modern hunter-gatherers, they cared about receiving rites and offerings but not about whether people lied to one another or cheated on their spouses.
According to psychologist Ara Norenzayan, belief in morally invested gods developed as a solution to the problem of large-scale cooperation.
Early societies were small enough that their members could rely on people?s reputations to decide whom to associate with. But once our ancestors turned to permanent settlements and group size increased, everyday interactions were increasingly taking place between strangers. How were people to know whom to trust?
Religion provided an answer by introducing beliefs about all-knowing, all-powerful gods who punish moral transgressions. As human societies grew larger, so did the occurrence of such beliefs. And in the absence of efficient secular institutions, the fear of God was crucial for establishing and maintaining social order.
In those societies, a sincere belief in a punishing supernatural watcher was the best guarantee of moral behavior, providing a public signal of compliance with social norms.
Today we have other ways of policing morality, but this evolutionary heritage is still with us. Although statistics show that atheists commit fewer crimes than average, the widespread prejudice against them, as highlighted by our study, reflects intuitions that have been forged through centuries and might be hard to overcome.
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Actually real atheists are quite rare. Someone who declares himself an atheist has thought over that question and has come to the conclusion a God and an afterlife doesn't exist. Someone who just doesn't care about that question because he only cares about his daily affairs does not exactly fall into this category. Atheists have usually higher education and a higher income. That may be one reason, why there are fewer of them in prisons. But the article suggests at the end it is because of their atheistic believes that they commit fewer crimes. Manipulative.
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Actually real atheists are quite rare. Someone who declares himself an atheist has thought over that question and has come to the conclusion a God and an afterlife doesn't exist. Someone who just doesn't care about that question because he only cares about his daily affairs does not exactly fall into this category. Atheists have usually higher education and a higher income. That may be one reason, why there are fewer of them in prisons. But the article suggests at the end it is because of their atheistic believes that they commit fewer crimes. Manipulative.
#1 Paradigm in Statistics Correlation doesn't show cause and effect.
You misread the article; none of the statement said "BECAUSE / DUE TO Atheistic belief CAUSED fewer crimes".
Yet it state; "statistics show that atheists commit fewer crimes than average".Another example
"Statistics show East Asians have higher IQ on average than rest of human on other geographical group on average".The above stat is true, yet it doesn't mean
Because / Due to they are "East Asians" then it CAUSED higher IQ.
Or
An East Asian MUST have higher IQ than any other human from other geographical group.Religious people often gain a very strong identity with their religion and due to the psychology of kinship preservation, they keep mostly to their own and they aren't so empathic beyond their own kin, defending their religious doctrine with often a hateful attitude if cornered. This is not unique to religion, it is a common human behavior, but it expresses itself very much in religion because of the conviction about the god's supremacy and authority which they try to enforce on others.
True..
It was caused by identification, attachment and to some extent fanaticism towards a form of social identity...
In this case a social identity of religion.The same behavior also observable due to self identification and attachment towards Football Club (Hooliganism), Holy Book, Human Figure (Prophet, Great Leader, King/Sultan/Caliph, Priest, Rock Star etc..) City / Places or even Neighborhood (ie Street Gangs), Nationality, Ethnicity, Race, Tribe, Gender, University / School and many others..
But of course this is hard when a person's whole life is built around physical pleasure-seeking, hormone-rushing.
The attitude of "Physical Pleasure Seeking, Hormone Rushing" is also clearly apparent among the religious...
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Indeed. It isn't someone else (i.e. Satan) one has to resist but oneself, or more specifically the Homo sapiens biology.
Not necessarily the "biological chemical" ..
But more towards the "Ego".. the "I".. the "ME ME ME"... and socially turned to "WE WE WE".
"I / We are superior than others", "I / We are more pious than others", "I / We are more guided than others", "I/We are more smarter than others", "I/We are THE CHOSEN PEOPLE over others", "I/We are above all (Uber Alles)".Such attitudes are also apparent among The Religious and The Atheist...
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However, the I or ego is driven by the biology, something called the instinct. It's only that certain people are more in control of it. The social identity is that of an animal, it is our higher thoughts that make us dangerous when in combination.
Not sure about "Ego", "Social Ego" and "Pride" that's associated with it..
But "survival" is indeed govern by instinct... by the middle part of the brain named "Reptillian Brain" which has a higher priority than any other part of the brain... Basically it govern the emotion of Fear (Survival from danger), Hunger and Thirst (Survival of body) and Sexual Desire (Survival of the Species).Although one might argue that Strong egoism / Pride, Intolerance and Aggressiveness is an after effect due to "Self Insecurity" which then triggered the "Survival" mode.
On the other side of the equation Empathy, Tolerance which resulted from the ability to "See / Feel Things from Other's Point Of View" is also govern by another part of the brain.. dubbed "Mammalian Brain".. as all mammals, including human possessed similar capabilities.
Empathy, Tolerance thrived when the human (or other mammals) feel secure... Free from fear.. as they see their 'survival' is not in danger...
The correlation of Excessive Ego / Pride caused by Insecurity is clearly apparent throughout human history..
"Deutsch Uber Alles" was a reaction to the humiliation that the Germans faced after losing World War I.
"Arabs / Islam Superiority" was a reaction to the humiliation that the Arabs / Moslems faced after losing the war with modern state of Israel.
"Israelites The Chosen People" was a reaction of the insecurity of small group of human which fell into slavery / servitude due to invasion by their neighbor, the Egyptians and the Assyrian/Babylonian.
"White Superiority" in today's US and Europe was a reaction of the insecurity of the White natives losing the competition for position at work or business to the incoming immigrants from Mexico, Asian, Middle Eastern and Eastern Europe...
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Not necessarily the "biological chemical" ..
But more towards the "Ego".. the "I".. the "ME ME ME"... and socially turned to "WE WE WE".I think this is correct. Biology and natural instincts are not so much the problem (only for religious fanatics). It's the ego, something artificial, made out of illusions.
427 God wishes to forgive you, but those who follow their own appetites wish to see you stray grievously into error.
428 God wishes to lighten your burdens, for man was created weak.It says "weak", there is not something like a devil inside of man. This a false modern view on my opinion, that Satan is actually something bad inside the brain of humans.
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interesting read brother jaffar
God bless you all
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What is bad about an ego anyways, isn't it about what you do with the ego which matters?
Bad and Good is relative to one perspective...
Prevailing ego shall override the drive for empathy resulted in 'sacrificing other interest for the sake of self'.. also called 'ego centric'.
Prevailing empathy over ego resulted in 'sacrificing self interest for the sake of others'..
Which one is good and bad it depends on context and perspective...Some people seem to argue you have to give up on your personal being just because of some flimsy belief.
At one point in time everyone will be forced to give up his/her ego... when they face their ultimate fate of death..
Death is the end of one's ego.. the end of one's self identity... but not necessarily the end of one's consciousness...The fate that is commonly shared by everything.. regardless of their religiosity or atheisity
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These human devils would not come very far just with (bad) instinctive behaviour to convince people of anything to follow them.
214 When they meet the faithful, they declare 'We, too, are believers.' But when alone with their devils they say to them 'We follow none but you we were only mocking.'
They have to twist the truth in a clever way that it sounds like something good to many people. There are devils (of men and djinn) in Quran, it sounds like this is the nature of their kind, but not the nature of humans in general.
Naturally we are created to live together in tribes. That is how humans lived during a long time in history. A modern state or a religious group is an artificial tribe and is meant to create the same solidarity in the community as we would naturally have in a tribe, a relatively small and manageable group. -
You're implying on egotism, this is something quite different from a discussion about the ego, which is about one's identity of being, their independent existence as someone.
Through objectivity; there is good versus bad and it's determined by the result of an action and so there's no room for subjectivity. If someone says something is good which isn't this person is deluded and ignorant, for there is always something which is better than the bad (or worst). There is a good saying "Always choose the lesser of two evils".
There is a definite good versus bad.
By using your definition that Good and Bad is determined by the result of an action.
Implies Good and bad is always 'relative' through which lenses / point of view that you are looking on..Even now, human started to realize that Truth and False also depends on context and lenses..
Example
Adolf Hitler and his action.. Good or Bad/Evil?It depends for his enemies British, French, Russians, Dutch, Jews, Gypsies he is bad / evil.
Yet his action triggered the fall of European Colonialism as an aftermath.. thus for Europeans Colonial subjects, ie Indians, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indonesians, Vietnamese, Malaysians, Singaporeans, Myanmar, Mozambique, Congo, Algeria, Tunisia, Nigeria. Hitler's actions for them caused good results.Regarding the death of ego or consciousness, this is based on your belief and while I peacefully accept your belief this isn't my belief, I find the ego (identity of being) to be equal to the consciousness.
Westerners (Middle Easterners included) traditions tends to view their Ego / Identity stick around with them even after their death..
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Well, we identify with all that is of this physical world... like the body (race, gender, sexual preferences, talents), environment (family, nationality, religion, profession), and mind (aptitudes, likes and dislikes, memories, experiences, education, temperament) etc.
This is what we think we are. But perhaps we are something else, beyond body/mind/environment.
We argue about God when we don't even know our selves.We identify with all that is not really us.
The lowest level of this kind of identification is when we become too much like an animal... instinctive drives, hormones, survival etc. It is then that we rape, murder and steal. We are totally driven by fear and chemicals in a basic survival mode... like an animal out of control. In media today, everything is about sex, greed and murder. Everywhere sex, and our heroes are assassins and money will happiness and status.
What a failure
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Then evil or bad led to something good, but still was Hitler's actions innately bad or more accurately evil or deluded from his side.
The co-traveler with Moses did bad, but it was the lesser of two evils. Doing seemingly bad things isn't necessarily equal to evil for evil is in the intent. Hitler was acting in evilness, but that a consequence of the mayhem was the liberation of colonial states is indirect even if related consequently.
Since it did happened.. then Hitler was acting in accordance to God's plan and will.
He was a tool or a mean to mark the end the European Colonialism... and mark a new era of Emancipation, Globalism and Humanism...Let's take another example..
Arabs / Muslims Invasion to Sassanid Persia in 7th century.
Good for Muslims and Arabs, Bad/Evil for the Sassanids and Persians.
Good for the religion of Islam, Bad / Evil for the religion of Zoroastrianism.I prefer to speak of what's orderly and sound versus what's chaotic, deluded and doesn't lead to development mentally.
There is an order.. infact everything was, is and always will be in order..
Chaos doesn't exist... otherwise the true God is not fully in control...
Bad/Evil or Good is just a matter of perspective..We are totally driven by fear and chemicals in a basic survival mode... like an animal out of control.
)There was a psychological experiment which pitted FEAR vs Conscience. (ie Kill him or I will kill you kind of situation)
The result was Fear won 99% of the time...
Yet the 1% is the interesting part... the very small percentage of human who dare to side with his / her own conscience, make sacrifice and fight against all odds... -
peace all
@ jaffar your grip on logical ideas about universal God are excellent i must say i agree with lot of what you ever said actually infact i always have these thinkings as much as i progress in the life
although where i stuck i may share with you i think i asked it before
as we know when a machinery is not working properly we replace it with something else same like God replace systems of cruelty and destroy nations whenever he will so yeh everything is happening according to the will of God now what will gona happen with the tool what God used to bring change in nations people like changees khan and hitlor
what is the punishment of the one who do wrong with his own will and when it happened we said it happened coz it was also the will of God if it was the will of God then why we blame a rapist murderer or robber in that matter
if the perception of good and bad is related to this life span what one will get afterlife?
iys a long topic i did not post all other things what comes in my mind may b next time when the topic advanced i share those things
as a side note i m also thinking and figuring out lot of things in my mind but its better if i get ideas of other brilliant minds
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as we know when a machinery is not working properly we replace it with something else same like God replace systems of cruelty and destroy nations whenever he will so yeh everything is happening according to the will of God now what will gona happen with the tool what God used to bring change in nations people like changees khan and hitlor
The machine is actually working properly.. yet we perceived it as 'not working properly'... because it behaves not in the same manner as we have expected...
what is the punishment of the one who do wrong with his own will and when it happened we said it happened coz it was also the will of God if it was the will of God then why we blame a rapist murderer or robber in that matter
Should there be any 'punishment'?
Historically the idea was developed during the period where human was transitioning from "hunter and gatherer" lifestyle towards "sedentary". To maintain a 'social order' within sedentary society a set of rules need to be maintained. To enforce the rules and discouraging people to break it, a punishment should be in place for the violation of the rule. The punishment is made to be so brutal and often executed in public to produce FEAR within the society...
From crucifixion, impalement (piercing a spear through your arse), beheading, amputation, whipping, stoning and many other means of brutal punishment.
The punishment serves as 'reminder' to those who dare to violate the rules..
As controlling human behavior through FEAR is the most effective method..
Proven up until today... see North Korea as a perfect example...For those who dare to become an apostate of North Korea citizenship shall face public torture and execution (when caught) or when not caught, all of their remaining family member shall be executed.
The rule is being enforced by "The Ultimate People Robber" and his cohort of goons, they titled themselves with something like "Emperor", "Khan", "Caliph", "Sultan", "King", "Shah", "Pharaoh", "Fuhrer", "Great Leader" etc..
The "Ultimate Robber" claim his/her authority is coming from the heaven (Deities)... thus the rule that they have written MUST be considered as The Rule from The Gods... OR ELSE!!As such those who managed to escape the gruesome punishment from the ruler (read People Robber) including those who managed to escape from North Korea, shall face the ultimate punishment from Deities Himself after they die.
With such belief and view in place, the ruler shall ensure obedience from their subjects...
Until.... they are beaten by a bigger and meaner robber...... (invasion from other Empire)
In modern times, (some) human has grown a bit wiser...
A place which was used to be called "Dungeon" now are being renamed as "Correction Facility".
The objective was no longer to "PUNISH" but to "AMEND" the behavior of the people who violated the society's law..
Slowly changing from "hatred / revenge" to "love and compassion".The law was no longer enforced just because "The Deities Said So" but it's based on an agreement within the society itself for their own common good. If they find some law need a revision.. they revise accordingly...
if the perception of good and bad is related to this life span what one will get afterlife?
That's the most beautiful mystery.....
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hmm intresting read and logical analysis by u brother jaffar
but do u think the fear of no punishment upon immoralities can increase the ratio of crime in society
yeh the mystery part is so beautiful keep u giving signal of something new to come so can u add something in it brother jaffar. i mean do u think one day this planet will come to an end or the actual ending is the ending of body this planet will go through forever?
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but do u think the fear of no punishment upon immoralities can increase the ratio of crime in society
The FEAR of Brutal Punishment upon breaking the rules shall rise the obedience level of society to the rules.
A good living example North Korea
- Apostasy = Immorality
- Apostasy Death and after the glorious leader Kim Jong Un came to power he enforce a more brutal punishment.
if one manage to leave the country.. the entire family shall be executed.. publicly...
Results The number of apostasy reduced significantly.
Living testimonies from apostates
https//youtu.be/DyqUw0WYwoc
Minutes 936
Yet no brutal punishment doesn't necessarily increase the level of violation of society to certain rules..
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Second thought, you know who else work with fear ? Kids ! Not exactly, but parents certainly use fear to teach children.
I'm not sure, but I think kids are the most people open to ideas, maybe they're just not given enough time when being taught. Parents mostly focus on punishment to raise awareness in children. Now how can the child not cry when he is being punished for a thing he did not understand ? Injustice is truly a sad thing.
Maybe the parents of free-minds can give us a little insight on parenting. -
but do u think the fear of no punishment upon immoralities can increase the ratio of crime in society
I really think there are variables in such case.
That reminds of how whites are perceived here. The joke is that you can leave your car unlocked in a white neighborhood without worrying about whether it will be stolen. The whole point is that people believe the group is taught to be honest and moral at home. They take it very seriously and thus, they commit less crimes.
But then again, rich Arab countries have far lesser crimes than what we see in the west. You won't find any Arabian thief there. I think it has a lot to do with satisfaction they have with their wealth at home.
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The joke is that you can leave your car unlocked in a white neighborhood without worrying about whether it will be stolen. The whole point is that people believe the group is taught to be honest and moral at home. They take it very seriously and thus, they commit less crimes.
Haah! The whites were thought to be honest and moral???
The "Whites" on average are wealthier than the "Blacks" in the US today..
Which reduced the "needs" to do petty crime such as stealing a car (or other items).
Due to historical reason where their ancestors came with land/asset possession from colonial government (which they actually stole from the native tribes).See how biased one see what "crime" is.. in this case "stealing" and "robbery"..
Which refer to my point above
A Ruler is the biggest robber until .. they are beaten by a bigger and meaner robber......But then again, rich Arab countries have far lesser crimes than what we see in the west. You won't find any Arabian thief there. I think it has a lot to do with satisfaction they have with their wealth at home.
Again it depends on how you define "stealing"...
The frequency of "petty crime" might be low in 'wealthy' society and/or 'poor' society with brutal ruler.But one overlook the ruler itself.... "brutal robbery" does exist at greater scale in 'wealthy' society and/or poor society with brutal ruler. Being performed by the ruler themselves..
Saudi royal family "robbed" oil revenue from the common folks living around the oil wells.
Kim royal family "robbed" North Koreans from their basic rights and needs.
Ibn Saud "robbed" the land from Ottoman Empire
British "robbed" the land from Native Americans