Killing people to prevent corruption, right? Or wrong and leave it to God...

sushi1992

Selam everyone,

I was having a discussion with my mum who is a catholic and we were discussing about killing/murdering people who seek corruption. For example, a man kills someone else because they were angry, or felt like killing the person. She said to me what would you do, and i replied "i would lock him up for a specified time, but i'm unsure about killing him..." mum said "aren't you meant to forgive and leave it to God? We can't decide who should be killed if they have repented to God then they take away his life... what if he killed a few people for the sake of it? Say he has a psychological problem" and I said "if he killed multiple people.... then... I would terminate his life... i suppose.. even if he has a psychological problem, many people are dying because of this". We didn't really agree or get anywhere but I was curious about what Allah says in the quran. I know God says to kill people seeking corruption, but i'm thinking what kind of corruption? I'm a little confused. If anyone has any quranic reference then I would be much appreciated .

Peace everyone peace

mmkhan

Selam everyone,

I was having a discussion with my mum who is a catholic and we were discussing about killing/murdering people who seek corruption. For example, a man kills someone else because they were angry, or felt like killing the person. She said to me what would you do, and i replied "i would lock him up for a specified time, but i'm unsure about killing him..." mum said "aren't you meant to forgive and leave it to God? We can't decide who should be killed if they have repented to God then they take away his life... what if he killed a few people for the sake of it? Say he has a psychological problem" and I said "if he killed multiple people.... then... I would terminate his life... i suppose.. even if he has a psychological problem, many people are dying because of this". We didn't really agree or get anywhere but I was curious about what Allah says in the quran. I know God says to kill people seeking corruption, but i'm thinking what kind of corruption? I'm a little confused. If anyone has any quranic reference then I would be much appreciated ).

Peace everyone peace

Peace,

Red Can you please let me know the aayaats about this? Thanks!

May Allah bless you,
mmKhan

sushi1992

Peace,

Red Can you please let me know the aayaats about this? Thanks!

May Allah bless you,
mmKhan

Peace mmkhan ,

533

"The recompense of those who fight God and his messenger, and seek to make corruption in the land, is that they will be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from alternate sides or that they be banished from the land, that is a disgrace for them in this world and in the Hereafter they will have a great retribution."

I don't know arabic and i took this translation from somewhere in free-minds. Please let me know if i have errors.

Thanks

peace

ZiggyPeace

Selam everyone,

I was having a discussion with my mum who is a catholic and we were discussing about killing/murdering people who seek corruption. For example, a man kills someone else because they were angry, or felt like killing the person. She said to me what would you do, and i replied "i would lock him up for a specified time, but i'm unsure about killing him..." mum said "aren't you meant to forgive and leave it to God? We can't decide who should be killed if they have repented to God then they take away his life... what if he killed a few people for the sake of it? Say he has a psychological problem" and I said "if he killed multiple people.... then... I would terminate his life... i suppose.. even if he has a psychological problem, many people are dying because of this". We didn't really agree or get anywhere but I was curious about what Allah says in the quran. I know God says to kill people seeking corruption, but i'm thinking what kind of corruption? I'm a little confused. If anyone has any quranic reference then I would be much appreciated ).

Peace everyone peace

peace sushi1992

It is a topic that should be looked at very carefully. Why? As far as I know one thing is fundamental is, Only GOD takes life away as HE is the one who gave that life to you. I also believe there are( not that I know the verse regarding this topic in Quaran} exceptional situations that permits taking somebody's life away. For example, if you have been attacked yours and your families life in danger or your country for that matter. In defense, protecting yours/your families life or the invaders who wants to take over your country, than you may take somebody else's life. That is as far as I know and believe. May be I just specified certain crimes here but other than that law of the land would be applicable and dealt with it within the law of the country. As HIGH and MIGHTY says,retribution will be severe for who act upon as transgression on the day of resurrection. Which is real and unavoidable justice.

peace

hawk99

Self preservation is natural.
If a family, village, neighborhood, town, city, nation, intends to live in peace then it must be able to protect,
it's members and enforce peace.

They defeated them by GOD's leave, and David killed Goliath. GOD gave him kingship and wisdom, and taught him as He willed. If it were not for GOD's support of some people against others, there would be chaos on earth. But GOD showers His grace upon the people.

Peace

Bigmo

Peace mmkhan ,

533

"The recompense of those who fight God and his messenger, and seek to make corruption in the land, is that they will be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from alternate sides or that they be banished from the land, that is a disgrace for them in this world and in the Hereafter they will have a great retribution."

I don't know arabic and i took this translation from somewhere in free-minds. Please let me know if i have errors.

Thanks

That verse is concerning the premediated murder of Cane and Abel.

Its part of the soul for a soul law of the Quran (equal retribution, the law of proportionality). But it allowed exile from the community as an alternative.

peace

mmkhan

Peace mmkhan ,

533

"The recompense of those who fight God and his messenger, and seek to make corruption in the land, is that they will be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from alternate sides or that they be banished from the land, that is a disgrace for them in this world and in the Hereafter they will have a great retribution."

I don't know arabic and i took this translation from somewhere in free-minds. Please let me know if i have errors.

Thanks

peace

Peace Sushi,

Thanks for the aayat.

As per my understanding, Allah is not asking anyone to give them punishment but Allah is saying that they are doing such wrong that their punishment could be such as those mentioned in 533. If you check 532 it is about saving a life, which is in clear contradiction with the understanding of 533 to me.

It may need more study by relating other aayaats.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His only path pr
mmKhan

Bigmo

Peace Sushi,

Thanks for the aayat.

As per my understanding, Allah is not asking anyone to give them punishment but Allah is saying that they are doing such wrong that their punishment could be such as those mentioned in 533. If you check 532 it is about saving a life, which is in clear contradiction with the understanding of 533 to me.

It may need more study by relating other aayaats.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His only path pr
mmKhan

I think you are refering tothe Talmud and how the Quran countered the concept of disproportionate justice outlined in the Talmud

The Talmud (i.e., the Babylonian Talmud) text of Sanhedrin 37a restricts the duty to save life to saving only Jewish lives.

The book on Hebrew censorship, written by Jews themselves (Hesronot Ha-shas), notes that some Talmud texts use the universalist phrase

"Whoever destroys the life of a single human being...it is as if he had destroyed an entire world; and whoever preserves the life of a single human being ...it is as if he had preserved an entire world."

However, Hesronot Ha-shas points out that these are not the authentic words of the original Talmud.

In other words, the preceding universalist rendering is not the authentic text of the Talmud and thus, for example, this universalist version which Steven Spielberg in his famous movie, Schindler's List attributed to the Talmud (and which became the motto of the movie on posters and in advertisements), is a hoax and constitutes propaganda intended to give a humanistic gloss to a Talmud which is, in its essence, racist and chauvinist hate literature.

In the authentic, original Talmud text it states that "whoever preserves a single soul of Israel, it is as if he had preserved an entire world" (emphasis supplied). The authentic Talmud text sanctions only the saving of Jewish lives.

The Koran tells us about this and condemns this

5.32 On that account We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land

URL http//able2know.org/topic/157270-1

The Quran is once again reminding us that justice should be based on a soul for a soul and an eye for an eye and not a thousand eye for an eye (Judaism) or an eye for an eye lash (Islam).

sushi1992

Self preservation is natural.
If a family, village, neighborhood, town, city, nation, intends to live in peace then it must be able to protect,
it's members and enforce peace.

They defeated them by GOD's leave, and David killed Goliath. GOD gave him kingship and wisdom, and taught him as He willed. If it were not for GOD's support of some people against others, there would be chaos on earth. But GOD showers His grace upon the people.

Peace

Peace hawkninetynine,

I agree with you and the ayat, however my problem is what LEVEL of protection do we use? Say a man, who is mentally unstable (obviously) kills another person for the sake that he despied him and was. . I dunno, jealous let's say. What is his level of punishment according to God's law. Does he face a lengthy imprisonment? Is he deemed unwell and placedin a mental home? Death penalty perhaps? Do you see what I'm saying?

Peace peace

mmkhan

I think you are refering tothe Talmud and how the Quran countered the concept of disproportionate justice outlined in the Talmud

Salaam Bigmo,

I don't know anything about Talmud, hence, I am not referring to it, but I was referring to 532.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His only path pr
mmKhan

Bigmo

Salaam Bigmo,

I don't know anything about Talmud, hence, I am not referring to it, but I was referring to 532.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His only path pr
mmKhan

Right. But to understand that verse you need to look at the community the Quran is refering to. In this case its the Israelite community. What the Talmud did was limited that verse to the Israelites. Since a Jewish live now is equal to the whole world, than if a crime is commited against a Jew than the punishment can be collective. A Jewish eye for a thousand gentile eye. Since saving a Jewish eye is equivalent to saving the whole world's eye. The Quran here is talking about premediated murder and it does so explicitly. this is spereate from manslaughter where the Quran stipulated financial compensation since it was unintentional. But it also allowed relieving as a charity. However in intentional murder the Quran allwed capital punishment but allowed exile from the community as a lower ceiling. A person who intentionally kills can not be allowed to go free like manslaughter since he is capable of doing the same thing again. The highest ceiling can not go above capital punishment for premediated murder. A soul for a soul but it can go less like being exiled from the community. This is why some countries have life imprisonment as an alternative for intentional murder.

Chapter 5

Recite to them the truth of the story of the two sons of Adam. Behold! they each presented a sacrifice (to Allah. It was accepted from one, but not from the other. Said the latter "Be sure I will slay thee." "Surely," said the former, "(Allah) doth accept of the sacrifice of those who are righteous.
"If thou dost stretch thy hand against me, to slay me, it is not for me to stretch my hand against thee to slay thee for I do fear Allah, the cherisher of the worlds.
"For me, I intend to let thee draw on thyself my sin as well as thine, for thou wilt be among the companions of the fire, and that is the reward of those who do wrong."
The (selfish) soul of the other led him to the murder of his brother he murdered him, and became (himself) one of the lost ones.
Then Allah sent a raven, who scratched the ground, to show him how to hide the shame of his brother. "Woe is me!" said he; "Was I not even able to be as this raven, and to hide the shame of my brother?" then he became full of regrets-
On that account We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land.
The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
Except for those who repent before they fall into your power in that case, know that Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.

As can be seen this is talking about intentional murder. The Quran than tells us why murder is such a crime because when you kill someone you are also killing all his future offsprings who could have existed. Imagine all theoffspings of that son of Adam who could have existed had he remained alive and allowed to produce offspring. That is why murder is such a crime in God's eyes. But the Israelites limited that to Jewish life. This then lead them to justify disproportionate retribution for Jews. This was the Talmudic spin on that tradition the Quran talked about. The Quran than stipulates that when it comes to intentional murder the highest ceiling is capital punishment but allowed exile from the community as the lowest ceiling.

That is what I am trying to say. The context that the verses appear in the Quran and whom it was refering to when it came commiting excesses. Excesses means disprotionate justice as what some Israeli politcians believe Israel is allowed to do whenever Palestinians attack them. They retaliate by disproportianate collective punishment.

Islam converted the law of proprtionality to justice based on deterence. Harsh laws are allowed to act as a deterence to prevent crime. The Quran is not interested about preventing crime. Crime will always exist. Its interested about proportional justice. The eye for an eye and a hand for a hand and a tooth for a tooth. The left side of the scale must equal the right side. The scale (meezan) is the symbol of justice as we know. This is why.

The Quran reminds us that we must balance the meezan with qist, equity.

9 And observe the weight with equity and do not make the balance deficient

In another part the Quran uses the term men for men, women for women and slave for slave. This is the same as tooth for tooth and soul for a soul. Orages for oranges and apples for apples. Like the American saying goes "do not mix apples with oranges". Another words don't make an unequal comparison. Comparisons should be based on qist.

mmkhan

Salaam Bigmo,

Thanks for your explanation, I still need to study this subject. And it is not yet clear to me who are bani Israeel.

I just wanted to point out from your post as highlighted below

Chapter 5

Recite to them the truth of the story of the two sons of Adam. Behold! they each presented a sacrifice (to Allah. It was accepted from one, but not from the other. Said the latter "Be sure I will slay thee." "Surely," said the former, "(Allah) doth accept of the sacrifice of those who are righteous.
"If thou dost stretch thy hand against me, to slay me, it is not for me to stretch my hand against thee to slay thee for I do fear Allah, the cherisher of the worlds.
"For me, I intend to let thee draw on thyself my sin as well as thine, for thou wilt be among the companions of the fire, and that is the reward of those who do wrong."
The (selfish) soul of the other led him to the murder of his brother he murdered him, and became (himself) one of the lost ones.
Then Allah sent a raven, who scratched the ground, to show him how to hide the shame of his brother. "Woe is me!" said he; "Was I not even able to be as this raven, and to hide the shame of my brother?" then he became full of regrets-
On that account We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land.
The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
Except for those who repent before they fall into your power in that case, know that Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.

All red highlighted words are derived from the same root QTL in Arabic.

Blue It has to be understood.

Green There is no word from root QTL is used in that place.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His true path pr
mmKhan

mirjamnur

Salam

From Qurancorpus word for word
53210)
qatala
kills V ? 3rd person masculine singular perfect verb

(53211)
nafsan
a soul N ? accusative feminine singular indefinite noun

(53212)
bighayri
other than P ? prefixed preposition bi
N ? genitive masculine noun

(53213)
nafsin
(for) a soul N ? genitive feminine singular indefinite noun

the word 'kill' isn't here, but the message is clear the eye for the eye and the soul for the soul.
Salam peace

hawk99

Peace hawkninetynine,
I agree with you and the ayat, however my problem is what LEVEL of protection do we use? Say a man, who is mentally unstable (obviously) kills another person for the sake that he despied him and was. . I dunno, jealous let's say. What is his level of punishment according to God's law. Does he face a lengthy imprisonment? Is he deemed unwell and placedin a mental home? Death penalty perhaps? Do you see what I'm saying?
Peace peace

Yes, I see what you are saying, If such a situation arises that a person is violent but mentally ill, then they
should be secluded from society to protect everyone from that person.

The blind is not to be blamed, the crippled is not to be blamed, nor the handicapped is to be blamed, just as you are not to be blamed for eating at your homes, or the homes of your fathers, or the homes of your mothers, or the homes of your brothers, or the homes of your sisters, or the homes of your fathers' brothers, or the homes of your fathers' sisters, or the homes of your mothers' brothers, or the homes of your mothers' sisters, or the homes that belong to you and you possess their keys, or the homes of your friends. You commit nothing wrong by eating together or as individuals. When you enter any home, you shall greet each other a greeting from GOD that is blessed and good. GOD thus explains the revelations for you, that you may understand.

May God guide us along the path

Peace

sushi1992

I think you are refering tothe Talmud and how the Quran countered the concept of disproportionate justice outlined in the Talmud

The Talmud (i.e., the Babylonian Talmud) text of Sanhedrin 37a restricts the duty to save life to saving only Jewish lives.

The book on Hebrew censorship, written by Jews themselves (Hesronot Ha-shas), notes that some Talmud texts use the universalist phrase

"Whoever destroys the life of a single human being...it is as if he had destroyed an entire world; and whoever preserves the life of a single human being ...it is as if he had preserved an entire world."

However, Hesronot Ha-shas points out that these are not the authentic words of the original Talmud.

In other words, the preceding universalist rendering is not the authentic text of the Talmud and thus, for example, this universalist version which Steven Spielberg in his famous movie, Schindler's List attributed to the Talmud (and which became the motto of the movie on posters and in advertisements), is a hoax and constitutes propaganda intended to give a humanistic gloss to a Talmud which is, in its essence, racist and chauvinist hate literature.

In the authentic, original Talmud text it states that "whoever preserves a single soul of Israel, it is as if he had preserved an entire world" (emphasis supplied). The authentic Talmud text sanctions only the saving of Jewish lives.

The Koran tells us about this and condemns this

5.32 On that account We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land

URL http//able2know.org/topic/157270-1

The Quran is once again reminding us that justice should be based on a soul for a soul and an eye for an eye and not a thousand eye for an eye (Judaism) or an eye for an eye lash (Islam).

Peace Bigmo,

I hope you don't take this offensively but currently at the moment I'm looking at this simple from the quranoc point of view. After that then I'm happy to discuss previous scriptures. You say the story is about cane and abel. Could you go into more detail about this? What is your view specifically using the quran only about killing and punishments within this world.

Thanks and peace peace

sushi1992

Peace Sushi,

Thanks for the aayat.

As per my understanding, Allah is not asking anyone to give them punishment but Allah is saying that they are doing such wrong that their punishment could be such as those mentioned in 533. If you check 532 it is about saving a life, which is in clear contradiction with the understanding of 533 to me.

It may need more study by relating other aayaats.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His only path pr
mmKhan

Peace mmkhan,

So by your understanding there is no punishment for killing in this world that should be done by us?

peace

sushi1992

Right. But to understand that verse you need to look at the community the Quran is refering to. In this case its the Israelite community. What the Talmud did was limited that verse to the Israelites. Since a Jewish live now is equal to the whole world, than if a crime is commited against a Jew than the punishment can be collective. A Jewish eye for a thousand gentile eye. Since saving a Jewish eye is equivalent to saving the whole world's eye. The Quran here is talking about premediated murder and it does so explicitly. this is spereate from manslaughter where the Quran stipulated financial compensation since it was unintentional. But it also allowed relieving as a charity. However in intentional murder the Quran allwed capital punishment but allowed exile from the community as a lower ceiling. A person who intentionally kills can not be allowed to go free like manslaughter since he is capable of doing the same thing again. The highest ceiling can not go above capital punishment for premediated murder. A soul for a soul but it can go less like being exiled from the community. This is why some countries have life imprisonment as an alternative for intentional murder.

Chapter 5

Recite to them the truth of the story of the two sons of Adam. Behold! they each presented a sacrifice (to Allah. It was accepted from one, but not from the other. Said the latter "Be sure I will slay thee." "Surely," said the former, "(Allah) doth accept of the sacrifice of those who are righteous.
"If thou dost stretch thy hand against me, to slay me, it is not for me to stretch my hand against thee to slay thee for I do fear Allah, the cherisher of the worlds.
"For me, I intend to let thee draw on thyself my sin as well as thine, for thou wilt be among the companions of the fire, and that is the reward of those who do wrong."
The (selfish) soul of the other led him to the murder of his brother he murdered him, and became (himself) one of the lost ones.
Then Allah sent a raven, who scratched the ground, to show him how to hide the shame of his brother. "Woe is me!" said he; "Was I not even able to be as this raven, and to hide the shame of my brother?" then he became full of regrets-
On that account We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our apostles with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land.
The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
Except for those who repent before they fall into your power in that case, know that Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.

As can be seen this is talking about intentional murder. The Quran than tells us why murder is such a crime because when you kill someone you are also killing all his future offsprings who could have existed. Imagine all theoffspings of that son of Adam who could have existed had he remained alive and allowed to produce offspring. That is why murder is such a crime in God's eyes. But the Israelites limited that to Jewish life. This then lead them to justify disproportionate retribution for Jews. This was the Talmudic spin on that tradition the Quran talked about. The Quran than stipulates that when it comes to intentional murder the highest ceiling is capital punishment but allowed exile from the community as the lowest ceiling.

That is what I am trying to say. The context that the verses appear in the Quran and whom it was refering to when it came commiting excesses. Excesses means disprotionate justice as what some Israeli politcians believe Israel is allowed to do whenever Palestinians attack them. They retaliate by disproportianate collective punishment.

Islam converted the law of proprtionality to justice based on deterence. Harsh laws are allowed to act as a deterence to prevent crime. The Quran is not interested about preventing crime. Crime will always exist. Its interested about proportional justice. The eye for an eye and a hand for a hand and a tooth for a tooth. The left side of the scale must equal the right side. The scale (meezan) is the symbol of justice as we know. This is why.

The Quran reminds us that we must balance the meezan with qist, equity.

9 And observe the weight with equity and do not make the balance deficient

In another part the Quran uses the term men for men, women for women and slave for slave. This is the same as tooth for tooth and soul for a soul. Orages for oranges and apples for apples. Like the American saying goes "do not mix apples with oranges". Another words don't make an unequal comparison. Comparisons should be based on qist.

Peace Bigmo,

Sorry I didn't see your previous message. So if someone murders someone else then God allows us to kill that person?

A life for a life and an eye for an eye.. how about if someone hit you, does that then encourage you to hit them back? Is it better for us not to forgive? Or is that too "gentle"...

Peace

sushi1992

Yes, I see what you are saying, If such a situation arises that a person is violent but mentally ill, then they
should be secluded from society to protect everyone from that person.

The blind is not to be blamed, the crippled is not to be blamed, nor the handicapped is to be blamed, just as you are not to be blamed for eating at your homes, or the homes of your fathers, or the homes of your mothers, or the homes of your brothers, or the homes of your sisters, or the homes of your fathers' brothers, or the homes of your fathers' sisters, or the homes of your mothers' brothers, or the homes of your mothers' sisters, or the homes that belong to you and you possess their keys, or the homes of your friends. You commit nothing wrong by eating together or as individuals. When you enter any home, you shall greet each other a greeting from GOD that is blessed and good. GOD thus explains the revelations for you, that you may understand.

May God guide us along the path

Peace

Peace hawkninetynine,

So looking at thay verse you quoted, does that then exonerate a mentally ill person from 533?

Peace

sushi1992

Salam

From Qurancorpus word for word
53210)
qatala
kills V ? 3rd person masculine singular perfect verb

(53211)
nafsan
a soul N ? accusative feminine singular indefinite noun

(53212)
bighayri
other than P ? prefixed preposition bi
N ? genitive masculine noun

(53213)
nafsin
(for) a soul N ? genitive feminine singular indefinite noun

the word 'kill' isn't here, but the message is clear the eye for the eye and the soul for the soul.
Salam peace

Peace mirjamnur,

A similar question goes to you that I gave Bigmo. We are allowed to proclaim capital punishment? What if we forgive them for murdering, or lock them up for life?

Peace peace

mmkhan

Peace mmkhan,

So by your understanding there is no punishment for killing in this world that should be done by us?

peace

Peace sushi,

I think I was discussing on "killing those who seek corruption", my answer at this time is yes, we cannot kill them for corruption. I might be wrong, may Allah forgive and correct me if I am wrong.

But punishment for killing someone is killing done by us is correct.

May Allah increase our knowledge and guide us to His only path pr
mmKhan