The language (lisan) of the Qur'an is not language (lughat) of Arabs.
We have to understand ourselves from the beginning. We're of el-'alemoon for sure, but there are a few types
- en-nas (singular el-insan)
- el-ins, a collective noun (plural is unaas)
- el-jinn (singular el-jaann).
If we're el-insan, then from the start of surah El-'Aleq we can understand that our Rabb (One who breeds us, Breeder, in sense as parents) will teach us what we don't know by El-Qalem. El-Qalem is the Segment of His Speech as explained in ayet with "trees and seas".
If a person is not el-insan (ex. Beni Israil), they should find their Guidance (Huden) in Et-Tewrat and El-Injeel and veryify them from the Qur'an.
The difference between the Qur'an and previous revalation is in deduction, which can be properly used to get a knowledge only by humans (en-nas), as we can find out in ayats about Adem a.s. and melaiket (el-jinn), and many others. Deduction is also used in words of 'Isa, son of Meryem a.s., to Beni Israil, but he explained his words in detail, because Beni Israil couldn't understand him.
So, if we're humans we should come close to the Qur'an ONLY and try to teach its language, which was sent down with the Qur'an, and has all of its attributes (clear, easy, protected, self-explaining...).
Lisan of the Qur'an is descriptive, there're no nouns as we know them in our languages house, Moon, Sky, a human, god, Egypt, a jew, a cow, a mosquito, war, etc. There are descriptions of happenings. If anything in some time (or out of it) can be connected with some description, it can be called by that "name".
Word INS means "visible, evident", and words INSAN means "permanently visible, evident". If I wanna call something by those names I could use them to show that it is not opposite of that. I can call a person by many names and which I will chose depends of what I wanna say. It's lisan of the Qur'an, which has its permanent rules and this is why it's clear and easy.
Word "ezwaaj" is a plural of "zewej"... it's not same as "zewj" (which plural would be "zuwooj". Root z-w-j means "pair" and its verbal noun (masder) means "pair" too. Word "zewej" means "paired" and it can be used for anything, but as you can conclude we should know "paired to what/who?"
If it's paired to a male then it's feminine, no need to use "zewejet" as a feminine singular form, word is in that case feminine by its meaning, as word "umm" is feminine when used as "mother" (mother is not its original meaning, just special).
The other words you asked need detailed explanaition and I suggest that you look youself for all words from their roots in all ayets. Try to think about them and don't hurry, take your time. When time comes you'll be learned.
It's good to find a few words with meaning you're sure in and a few word forms (measure) from which you can learn about words of lisan of the Qur'an. There's no end of learning by El-Qalem, even it's just a part of His Speech.