The great secret of Islam - the hidden history of Islam revealed
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The Messiah does not come back
After entering Jerusalem, the Emigrants rush immediately to the esplanade of the temple, covered with the ruins of the Jewish-Roman wars and abandoned , to carry out their project there. "When the Arabs came to Jerusalem, there were men among the sons of of Israel who showed them the temple site" indicates a contemporary witness . They obviously want to rebuild the temple, and we imagine their fervor and their excitement. Another witness, Theodore, recounts the scene "Immediately while running, they came to the place called the Capitol . They took men with them, some by force, others voluntarily, to clean this place and build this damned thing for their prayer, which they call a midzgitha . "
The opposition of Sophronius may hinder the project. The fanatics set to work without waiting for the arrival of Omar, the military leader, who stayed in Medina and who will not enter it until 638. The credit of this rebuilding of the temple will be assigned to him, however indeed in the "Rabbi Ben Yohai Secrets" we read that a "Second king who will arise from Ishmael repairs the breaches of the Temple ' . The old original model will be respected they will build a large cubic of stone, marble and wood (Sophronius evokes the role of a mason who he has also excommunicated). It will take the dimensions and shape of the inner sanctum of the ancient temple of the Jews, although the tradition has lost those by designating it as "Mosque of Omar". This name is also passed on to the building which replaced the judeo-nazarene temple what we see today is no longer the 637-638 cubic but the building caliph Abd al-Malik subsequently put in its place, on the rock on the esplanade, the top of Mount Moriah which Jewish tradition (and judeonazarene tradition) associated with the failed sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham (called "Binding of Isaac". This is the Dome of the Rock we can still see today, octagonal and not cubic. We will return to this later.
Going back to history the temple was finally raised, the fervor was at its height (as indicated by Omars institution of the new Muslim calendar, in 639), sacrifices and rituals will be able to take place. The judeonazarenes invoke the figure of the Messiah, calling his return. But the Messiah does not return. The judeonazarene priests try to temporize with Arab warriors and their leaders, eager to become the elected in the new kingdom of "Messiah Jesus," as the Koran states. But time passes and we must recognize that they are actually fooled. In 640, the Arab leaders understood the Messiah will not return, there is no kingdom for the elected, they have been deceived. The judeonazarene masters are crooks and traitors who trained them for nothing in nearly 40 years of false promises, efforts, exile, sacrifices, wars ... This is the crisis within the umma. Well, that the judeonazarenes may perish since they have no messiah or kingdom of elected to give to the Arabs!
However there is indeed a kingdom, that the Arabs came to conquer in the name of judeonazarene project. In 640, taking advantage of the exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire which we have explained, Omar and his army take military control of the entire Middle East - the Byzantine Empire being reduced by the Arab push at the frontiers of what is now Turkey, and losing its possessions in North Africa. By eliminating judeonazarene leaders, Omar caught two birds with one stone he not only appropriates the conquest, but he also seizes the religious leadership. The institution of Islam is born. But it will take more than 100 years to form as a doctrine - before it imposes itself and does not have a definitive structure for at least two more centuries.
Besides the 614-629 period when Jerusalem was under Jewish authority, the esplanade was even used as a dump.
Excerpt from a "Letter of the Academy of Jerusalem to the diaspora of Egypt" translated and quoted by AL de Pr?mare in The Foundations of Islam.
Excerpt from a text from the Great Lavra monastery St. Saba, east of Jerusalem, always quoted by AL de Pr?mare
Jewish Writings of the 8th century quoted by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook in Hagarism, the making of the islamic world -
TIME OF THE FIRST CALIPHS
How to justify the acquired power?
Now we will look at the history of the early caliphs. It is a very difficult story to unravel very many original documents were destroyed intentionally (almost all documents of "Muslims" since the death of Muhammad until the 9th century) and the later tradition wanted to rebuild a golden framed legend of the events they idealized to be the early days of Islam. This explains the vagueness of the chronology that we will go through. This late tradition establishes Abu Bakr as the first Caliph, whose reign lasted only two years. That of Omar would have started in 634, to finish in 644. Thus began that of Uthman, until 656. Ali succeeded him until 661. Muslim history has subsequently established the first four caliphs as "rightly guided" sovereigns or Rachidun. Sunni Muslims still consider those sovereigns as role models, divinely inspired, worthy successors of Muhammad having applied faithfully the commandments of Allah.
http//i.imgur.com/76RdgtB.png
Abu Bakr and Omar / Ali with his sword Zulfikar, and Uthman, presenting the Quran (Gravure de V. Raineri - L?Histoire des Nations)
Ali fought a civil war from which will emerge Muawiya as the new Caliph. The latter ruled until 680. Then a new period of civil war begins, which ended with the advent of Abd al-Malik in 685. His caliphate lasted 20 years, until 705. We will observe this particular period from religious perspective. What will happen to the belief of the judeonazarenes after their disappearance? How will the "religion of Abraham" evolve ? How will Islam gradually form?
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Omar (634-644) and Uthman (644-656) getting rid of the judeonazarenes
Before the non-return of the messiah, Omar decides to get rid of old allies. The judeonazarene leaders are eliminated, their families are hunted . The judeonazarenes of Syria are met with an unwavering contempt . The composite Jewish-Arab umma is de facto transformed into an Arab ummah. And from there, the chosen people status befalls entirely to the Arabs, which makes sense since they find themselves the new and only masters of the Middle East. But many difficulties appear when trying to legitimate the new acquired powers without undermining the Messianist promises that underpin it they must succeed not only in explaining how to sideline the judeonazarenes or even erase the memory of the first Arab alliance with them, but also must manage to transform the initial messianic project in favor of new Arab lords. This amounts de facto to replacing the old masters of the "religion of Abraham" and taking their religious orders in addition to the political ones, already acquired. Somehow, Omar, Uthman and his successor will then try to justify themselves during this chaotic period.
Chroniclers (Jacob of Edessa), archaeologists and after them serious historians observe starting from 640 in buildings of worship used by "Muslims" that they are seeking new directions for prayer (qibla), other than Jerusalem, but not yet Meccan. It can be observed for example in ancient mosques like the one of Hajjaj in Wasit (near Basra), or that of Amr Ibn al-As, in Fustat (Cairo). The first mosques (eg that of Medina) naturally pointed to Jerusalem, and some even pointed to Syria, where the Arabs had known the first shrine of their political-religious movement dedicated to Abraham . Maybe it was a temporary cube built by judeonazarenes after their exile from Jerusalem in the 1st century and revered also by Qorechite converts . It is thus understood that Omar and his aides (and also Uthman) sought to evade the direction of the Jerusalem cube they had helped build, the reason of being of judeonazarenes. This is first of all to overcome the failure of the messianic project, failure of the judeonazarene plan and proposing something instead. We can not continue to practice the "religion of Abraham" as it was taught by Arab preachers under the authority of judeonazarenes. To monopolize, Omar and his successor Uthman will present the Arab nation as the one who are the true descendants of Abraham through Ishmael, the eldest son, the descendants chosen by God to the exclusion of the Jewish branch, progeny of Isaac. This aspect of "Abrahamic" proto Islam has not escaped the best scholars of Islam, even if they do not understand all the issues. The logical consequence of this turning point the need to control the texts left behind by judeonazarenes, the texts that accompanied the preaching of the "religion of Abraham. " The authorities will try to recover them. Mastering the scriptures is to hold the key of religion and memory of judeonazarenes. Especially as in their conquest, Arabs meet Christians and religious Jews who are much more structured in their faith than the Christianized tribes of Arabia. They have disturbing books and questions ... They must therefore gather at all costs all the texts, both notes and memory aids of preachers, as we have detailed previously, or texts guiding religious practice (lectionaries, texts and anthologies of Torah of "the gospel" translated into Arabic ...), whether sheets of the Emigrants to Medina or texts of those who remained in Syria before the Hijrah. They can thus select the texts which will support the new identity of Arabs as of son Abraham, chosen by God for his project. They must however make anything disappear that might contravene this new logic of power, for example any too explicit mention of the alliance of the Jewish-Arab ummah. Thus will gradually be formed the proto-Qur'an, and the Qur'an. But by doing so two terrible calamities will befall the ummah the upheaval of the foundations of religion (and therefore of political power) and discord that will be sown between the new masters of the Middle East.
Omar, Uthman and many more after him, will manipulate religion to their advantage to continue to justify the domination of Arab conquerors (and their own power). How to explain that the judeonazarene former allies have now become the servile pariahs of today? This will be done by modifying, correcting texts, reinterpreting them. The purpose of this manipulation is to conceal the memory of the judeonazarenes, and the most effective way is to make disappear their proper name, attributing it to Christians and establishing that "Nasara" (Nazarene) which is mentioned in these texts are actually Christians. And by doing so, vilifying Jews and Christians. But it is possible that in the very first time, an expression such as "Do not make friends with Jews and Nasara (Qur'an, s5, 51)," where "and Nasara" is a clear addition, was a warning given to the Arabs against the remnants of the influence of judeonazarenes. Many other additions of this type were established , future studies will inform about the process of manipulation and reinterpretation of Koranic texts and proto-sheets in the coming years.
New collections of sheets which contain views that comply with the new power are then produced. Thus was implemented the mechanism that will gradually lead to the formation of the entire Islamic religion the logic of the afterward conclusion; the conclusion that predetermines the reasoning that manipulates its historical roots as religious. The conquerors in order to justify their rule (without judeonazarene rulership), manipulate the assumptions which it is based on (religion, texts, holy places ) to make them correspond to that written conclusion. But by changing the well-oiled machine and removing the worldview according judeonazarenes, it is rendered to inconsistencies. This manipulation will not be without posing serious theological problems, as we shall see. However, in the short term, the problems are more technical and political than religious.
The event gives a whole new meaning to the fate of the Jewish tribes of Medina according to Muslim history that we saw in the introduction (killing and expulsion). Their memory is transmitted by deforming an Islamic canonical history, we will see how later. The curse that strikes judeonazarenes will also extend their cousins the rabbinical Jews of Jerusalem who were able to return during the capture of the city by the Arabs. Associated with their Jewishness with the shameful failure of judeonazarene project, they will be temporarily evicted from Jerusalem and will return.
History will see the descendants of judeonazarenes amalgamate gradually with Muslims, from the 8th and 9th centuries. The work of Joseph Azzi (The Nousa?rites-Alawi History, Doctrine and Customs) establishes that they form the root of the current Alawite community in Syria. The disgust concerning them by their Sunni Muslims finds its historical justification.
Notably Tali Erickson Gini and Sir K. A. C. Creswell, Patricia Crone and Michael Cook
Many traditions mention an "Ibrahim masjid" (place of Abrahams prostration) atop a hill named Abu Qubays, Syria, near Hama / Homs (Abu Qubays today is also the name of a city of its suburbs). We will see a little further (pages 47-51) in what circumstances a nearby hill in Mecca could be also named Abu Qubays.
Difficult to distinguish between them given the short end of the reign of Omar (up to 644) and that of Otman (644-654)
See for example the controversy of 644 between Jacobite Patriarch of Syria John 1st and the Emir Amir ibn Said, Governor of Homs, described in Note 106
The fundamental discovery of these additions (exegetes call them "tweens" is attributed to Antoine Moussalli (see below).
Like texts, shrines will experience their share of manipulation; we will see more later -
You can't read the title of this topic, huruf?
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Running like Zebras is translating my book. I have written it in French. It is based on the work of many scholars, mainly Edouard-Marie Gallez, from Belgium (also Patricia Crone, Manfred Kropp, Robert Kerr, Alfred-Louis de Pr?mare, Jean-jacqus Walter).
So who is the author?
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Me. The name is Olaf. I am no scholar, but a kind of journalist / self made historian. I have read many history and research work about islam origins, and then have written about it for the wide audience that do not read the scholars publications. A bit like Tom Holland - but I think my work is much more serious than "In the Shadow of the Sword". Specifically, my book is the popularization of the work of an amazing scholar, E-M Gallez. I have worked two years with him for this.
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Peace Olaf.
Why am I finding a mix and match story that jumps from Syria to Palestine to Arabia ,without continuation of proper date/s that can be at least properly identified?
Also, where can I find the "texts" mentioned here,so I can check this
To this end, the judeonazarene propagandists, Syro-Aramaic speaking Jews, many of whom know the liturgical Hebrew, explained their texts to the Arabs. Moreover, they formed the Arab preachers, translated their texts in Arabic and taught them. For this, they created for them little textbooks, anthologies of the main texts of their Torah, their Gospel, their customs, their laws, their rites of purity, their circumcision ... It was indeed the memory aid at a time when education was essentially managed and transmitted by heart the main memory aids consisted of translations into Arabic language used by the judeonazarenes themselves. A lectionary is a liturgical book that presents readings and comments from sacred texts, as always Christian. The judeonazarene lectionary therefore presented excerpts from the Bible, Old and New Testament - for as much the judeonazarenes accept it - in function of the calendar (Saturday, Sunday, holidays). In Syro-Aramaic Christians called this lectionary "qor'?no" (which translates in Arabic as "Qur'an", that is to say, "Koran". It is thus a set composed of various sermons and holy readings, some of them benefiting from a writing down as memory aid (we will see later what will be the crucial importance of these memory aid sheets). This propaganda especially targeted the Christian faith of Arabs by attacking it on charges of associationism, that is to say by claiming that Christians give to God "associates" (Trinity) .
Or are they saying this is what we have now as Qoran?
Also are "Mahmet" and "Muhammed" two different characters?
I have spent a lot of time reading what runninglikezebras is translating( thanks for your effort),but I see another version of "botched" history ,like many other versions ( for example what brother Pazuzu has kindly offered before) and many other so called scholars are still offering.
Am I not justified in saying(from what I read so far) I am not convinced this is a "true"version?
Anyway, do carry on.
GOD bless you.
Peace. -
Me. The name is Olaf. I am no scholar, but a kind of journalist / self made historian. I have read many history and research work about islam origins, and then have written about it for the wide audience that do not read the scholars publications. A bit like Tom Holland - but I think my work is much more serious than "In the Shadow of the Sword". Specifically, my book is the popularization of the work of an amazing scholar, E-M Gallez. I have worked two years with him for this.
Well if a read a book I expect a proper name of the author, not just "me Olaf". Also I am surpr4ised to say the least that all your sources are kosher, that is, not a single Arab. It is like were I to read a Spanish history and borbid myself from reading any spanish historian of any persuasion.Of course I do not doubt that any European will always know more about anything that any Arab even about himself, because only europeans or people of european extraction are deserving of trust, but still... I like a bit of diversity and local colour.
And what I have overread, well it is like a story but not like history. When I read history specially such long stretches I expect more explaining of sources and wherefrom come what the historian says. Otherwise I do nto see any difference between that and any piece of fiction.
Of course what I have said about europeans and arabs is sarcasm. Honesty and integrity have no home or rather should be at home anywhere, but unfortunately honesty when it comes to Islam and Arabs is very usually very much mistreated, and taken for granted that there is no need of such honesty or integrity when it comes to arabs and muslims.
To sum up I see no reason to spend any time treating myself to another overbearing tirado over "the truth about Islam or Arabs". And without questionning that hadith literature is not a guaranty of anything, frankly why disdain real Arab historians? You would not be telling us that they don't exist would you?
Salaam
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@ good logic
Peace also,
Wait for the whole book to be translated ... You will get some answers.
For the dates we do not have the precise dates. This time used to be a black hole for historians. What Gallez has established is a general scheme that shed some light, but many things need to be precised by future work.
For the judeonazarene arabic texts there were several
- memory aids for arab preachers (Muhammad), which will form the ground for the writing of the Quran
- the translation of their aramaic lectionary in arabic language, namely "qorono" in Aramaic, or "quran" in Arabic. The "quran" that the islamic Quran refers to is this lectionary
Wait for the rest of the translation by runninglikezebra, it will be better explained
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Well if a read a book I expect a proper name of the author, not just "me Olaf". Also I am surpr4ised to say the least that all your sources are kosher, that is, not a single Arab. It is like were I to read a Spanish history and borbid myself from reading any spanish historian of any persuasion.Of course I do not doubt that any European will always know more about anything that any Arab even about himself, because only europeans or people of european extraction are deserving of trust, but still... I like a bit of diversity and local colour.
And what I have overread, well it is like a story but not like history. When I read history specially such long stretches I expect more explaining of sources and wherefrom come what the historian says. Otherwise I do nto see any difference between that and any piece of fiction.
Of course what I have said about europeans and arabs is sarcasm. Honesty and integrity have no home or rather should be at home anywhere, but unfortunately honesty when it comes to Islam and Arabs is very usually very much mistreated, and taken for granted that there is no need of such honesty or integrity when it comes to arabs and muslims.
To sum up I see no reason to spend any time treating myself to another overbearing tirado over "the truth about Islam or Arabs". And without questionning that hadith literature is not a guaranty of anything, frankly why disdain real Arab historians? You would not be telling us that they don't exist would you?
Salaam
Saludos desde Espa?a,
Honesty has no home but racism neither.
In Spain we said CADA UNO EN SU CASA Y DIOS EN LA DE TODOS (each one at his/her home and God in every home).
What I see now in the streets of Europe is hadith religion trying to impose darkness and ignorance and despising europeans in a racist and phanatical way. People claiming for human rights they do not respect and acting with unlimited arogance.
For sure is bad that europeans want to teach arabs about their past (even if in History the most important is accuracy and not the origin of the historian) but is worst arabs want to teach europeans how to act in present and future, with the only hope of demographic numbers.
Also as a spanish my History teach me what is the only language that hadith people understand.
Wonders me why some arab-hadith follower people want to live in Europe instead in very rich arab countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Emirates, etc. Arabs are destroying arabs countries influenced by Christianity or by indoeuropean-non arab Iran and are promoting Sunni Empire in Middle East and the conquer of Europe.
P.S. For understand completely spanish History the best is to read english historians... just sometimes they do best than us, may be because when we had Inquisition they had Isaac Newton. Most important thing is the Truth (sometimes hurts human nafs), be enough patient to search it and enough humble to admit it.
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Join the club of arab bashers and anglosaxon worship. It is your business.
And enjoy European history of arab bashing, I know enough of it to not need one bit more. As to keeping ona a diet of English historians only, I certainly won't follow such advice, nor onsider it wise.
Salaam
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Greetings and Peace, all group
It is intriguing so far. Once it has all been presented, it can be considered better. True gold fears no fire.
ALLAH knows best.
peace
~Abdul-Hadi
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Ancient A ' Rabb were a noble people, but the impostors who created the sect Islam and wrought havoc in the Middle East were not.
Be safe
Emanuel -
Please continue with the translation..
I don't find this as "Arab" bashing at all..
Given there wasn't anyone categorized / labeled as "Arabs" during those time.
The author here use such word perhaps for 'easier referencing', albeit it is a mistake.And for the reader who NOW identified themselves with the label of or as "Arab" no need to get offended, as those Omar, Abubakar dude ain't your grandpa or neither you were around when it happened 1400 years ago.
Christian leaders during that time uses the word of "Beney Ishmeel" (Sons of Ishmael) or "Haggarites" or "Sarachen" for the people who were allied with the "Heathen Jews" and conquered Jerusalem from the hands of Byzantium Roman Empire.
The use of "Arab" as a social identity might actually came later....
Within Hebrew, the word 'Arav' is closely associated with the word Erev' meaning "mingling" or "mixing" (with foreign object or people).
Commonly used (at that time) to label the (so-called) 'chosen people' who has violated "The Holy and Infallible Torah" by doing inter-marriage with the neighboring non-chosen people. (The Heathen Goy).From the content, it's clear that the book of Quran is clearly a JEWISH BOOK.
Thus it's not far fetched to hypothesize that it was written by a Jew with intended audience of Jewish people.
Or at least a group of people who are very familiar with heroic legends of Davd, Solomon, Moshe, Adam, Yakob, Avraham, Noah etc..In this context, the author hypothesized that it was written by the Judeo-Nazarenes which are indeed a subgroup of Jewish people.
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Omar (634-644) and Uthman (644-656) getting rid of the judeonazarenes
For, in order to achieve such a manipulation, it is necessary not only to indoctrinate the minds where religion is imprinted, but also to control all of the materials that establish the religion, which will obviously be very difficult. For technical reasons primarily, because it is not sufficient to obscure the meaning of the temple rebuilt in Jerusalem, they also collect a quantity of religious documents (scattered throughout the Ummah, according to a report from the Muslim tradition) and destroy these heterodox documents. Military expansion complicates this process at its summit Egypt, pearl of the Byzantine Empire, was conquered in 640-642, Seleucia- Ctesiphon fell in 641 and the Persians were defeated at Nihavend the following year. Furthermore, the reversal of alliance and the physical elimination of the judeo-nazarene leaders are not so easy to accept. They undermine the ideological unity and promote differences. They disrupt hierarchies and compromise the fragile agreement of the ummah considering the project of conquest of Jerusalem. Naturally, leaders, generals, emirs had to rebel, one could say thanks to the military successes which enabled them to acquire great power - some are now governors of the territories they conquered, out of reach of authority altogether questionable Arab generalissimo. Without judeonazarenes, where would it take them?
The rejection of the entire judeonazarene community, the abandonment of the temple, the intrusive collection of texts, rewriting them to root out the judeonazarene facts, in short, the damage to the "religion of Abraham" that this operation represents causes a real outrage in face of the propaganda which took decades to establish itself. Contempt of the very meaning of the fighting, the epic of the conquest of Jerusalem. Violating memories and even an affront to the will of God as the "religion of Abraham". There is therefore naturally lack of understanding, resistance, opposition. This reasoning allowed to deny the authority of Omar, which was accused of being a Munafiq, a traitor to the faith ... These are the roots and the beginning of the incessant fitna, the civil war that bloodied the Ummah for centuries until today. It is therefore not surprising that Omar is promptly murdered in 644, only four years after the "non-event" of Jerusalem. Uthman, military leader from the core of Qorechite Emigrants and great leader of the conquest, then wins against Ali, another emigrated one, as the new master of Medina. Before the protest, while the ummah gets stuck in the quagmire of religious manipulation and the Civil War, he took control over religious power. He continues the strategy of clearing the judeonazarenes as the source of the religion of the Arab conquerors, and the resulting ostracism from the judeonazarene community in Syria. But above all, he undertook the retaking of control of politics and ideology of the ummah.
This takeover is all the more necessary given that even besides the fitna, the "religion of Abraham" is also disputed by Jews and Christians. Although conquered militarily, they form the overwhelming majority of the new empire and are not fooled before the religious justifications made by the Arabs in function of their domination. They base themselves on their ancestral religious sacred books which they kept meticulously, in which there is no mention of Uthman. For this he definitely needs a book to establish his authority and claims of the "religion of Abraham" to dominate everything through him. For this, they must work on the logic and consistency that was weakened considerably by the eliminaton of judeonazarenes. The initial goal was, remember, to save the world by bringing back the messiah, and establish the umma as elected members and masters of the new world to come; the goal was to conquer Jerusalem, to raise the temple, so that the judeonazarene leaders could perform the rites that would have invoked the return of the Messiah, which had failed miserably. But regardless, the project still stands. And they must stick to it even more so because it helps to justify the domination of the new conquerors. If not the opposite may come true? If not they absolutely need to establish a religious justification for the domination of the Arabs and their conquest of the world that continues.
The two logics overlap anyway, for the benefit of Uthman. With his scribes and his advisors, they continue the manipulation of religion that absolutely must legitimize and works to give new coherence that guides the will of God in the sense of justification of his authority. A demolition work and reconstruction from the debris ... Because we certainly can not enslave ad libitum any "religion of Abraham", and with it the will of God, which is the very purpose of religion. It should do so with fundamentals. The Messiah will return with the end of time since this can not be denied, it is the ultimate hope. But if God did not want this end of time happening according to the plan of judeonazarenes then this is so because they were simply deceived (misled and thereby their Arab allies severely punished them). Their plan was bad, they just need to change it. The elected by the will of God should dominate Jerusalem and restore it, being the real "religion of Abraham". That should have caused the messiah to return who would then lead the armies to establish his new kingdom, eradicate evil on earth and establish all the "religion of Abraham". It is clear that Jerusalem was not enough. Elected officials will have to take over the world by human military forces in the name of God to establish the true "religion of Abraham "; and when the world will be conquered, the Messiah will come, it will be the end of time. The elected, are of course the Arabs, the descendants of Abraham through Ishmael. This was the justification of logic posteriori Arab domination. A proof is the title of caliph Uthman gives himself (historians are not certain that Omar, his predecessor had worn a similar title). It goes with the new basis that it imposes on religion the leader of the Arabs took the title of "lieutenant of God on earth" , a typically judeonazarene title which they attributed to the Messiah for the role he should have taken on his return to earth. With this new twist in the "religion of Abraham", the caliph takes the place left vacant by the messiah. To him befalls therefore the mission to eradicate evil on earth! We understand the springs of absolute power better now, which Uthman wants to exercise as a military, political and religious power, which theoretically gives absolute rights on all these subjects. And particularly the right to collect, select and change the sheets and texts that structure the religion (and destroy those which do not approve it). It relies for that goal on historical figures of emigrants (tradition has preserved the memory of the devoted Zaid). But in fact, the internal opposition to his authority, discord between Muslim parties, and between followers of Uthman and "Munafiqun" the wars of apostasy ("houroub al ridda" will continue to expand since the territorial conquest of Omar had started.
https//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG?1442601473918
Image expansion under UthmanThe Arab expansion acts like a steamroller in face of the Persian and Byzantine empires, exhausted from their centuries of mutual wars. Uthman, as Omar, was following, operating a formidable system of efficiency to support and consolidate the conquest the expansion campaigns decided by the Caliph are actually decentralized, organized and conducted by independent emirs at the head of their armies. The conquered provinces are given to almost without exception Qorechites governors (and thus supposedly "rightly guided". Uthman developed to support the establishment of "amsar" of city garrisons he built ex nihilo as bases for the conquest. They allow grouping the Arab troops, their crews and their families. They are as such ethnically and ideologically safeguarded from people wanting to conquer and control - that is how Kufa and Basra are created in modern Iraq, Fustat in Egypt, and it seems that Mecca was also the object of creating a new city, as will be seen later. To maintain its troops, Uthman military organized a system of domination by predation codifying the division of the booty, catch, goods and slaves according to seniority, and lifted a mandatory tax on the conquered populations, the jizya, which should support the maintenance of troops. It is then no question of converting these people to any religion, especially as what will be called "Islam" later is still far from being formalized. Religion and its practice in fact assimilate with ethnic origin and the dynamics of conquest the Arab warrior, a member of the chosen people, naturally carries the conquering faith, the "religion of Abraham", derived from a judeonazarism which little by little it has blurred of its origin and Jewishness. This is basically a messianic faith, conviction of the believer to have been chosen to fight evil on earth. Conviction to act in God's name which galvanizes all energies (that is the illustration of the famous logic of surreality that we mentioned in note ) and allows along the way to monopolize war booty - wealth, land and slaves - which is not insignificant. This faith is of course reserved uniquely to the elected, who therefore let the occupied territories enjoy relative religious freedom by paying jizya . Anyway, to avoid criticism, especially from the Jews and Christians, they are strictly forbidden throughout the caliphate to learn about the collections of texts of the new "religion of Abraham." These texts which are mentioned by the Muslim tradition (the famous "Qurans of Uthman" sent to the four corners of the Arab empire in order to serve as a reference) are also very poorly distributed, little searchable (if only given the large size of collections), very little known (if not unknown ) and remain under guard. The religion of the Arabs, especially that of soldiers, is more of an exaltation of victories, the messianic justification of the merits of the Arab domination and greed as a very structured indoctrination. The existence of distant texts served as ultimate guarantor.
http//i.imgur.com/bgkN1La.png
Image Leaf collection dated to the 8th century preserved at the mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (incomplete collection, about a third of the Koran). Muslims, however, are divided on its origin (Otman or Ali), and a controversy exists as to its date (some speak of the end of the 8th century)
http//i.imgur.com/D8gvkMq.png
Image Qur'an dating from 8-9e century preserved at the Al-Hussein mosque in Cairo, Egypt. The photo is from the documentary d'Arte "The Koran, the origins of the Book" and gives an idea of its imposing size.
(13 Artemis Productions ? Bruno Ulmer)Thus the steamroller has advanced, in Egypt and North Africa, throughout Persia and beyond. Choosing to resist formidable, mobile and relentless, military power is all the more courageous since we know that conquered territories were guaranteed some freedom, especially religious (for the moment - which did not prevent a few massacres, as in Egypt). Many are those who prefer to go without a fight, especially in North Africa, where Byzantine rule could be very poorly accepted. And the new Arab empire further increases its military power to measure shown by its progress. But there remains an area where the latter does not prevail that of naval combat, field of expertise of the Byzantine Empire. Thus, after many skirmishes, when a major naval expedition is launched against the Byzantines in 654 by Muawiyah, governor of Syria, they manage to destroy the Arab ships. They even negotiate a truce with him rather than pushing their advantage. It must be recognized that the Byzantines will totally disregard the danger that represented for them and push of the Arab political and religious conquest project. This truce is more than welcome for the caliphate because affairs are going from bad to worse. As explained above, the removal of the judeonazarenes and thus religious foundations of the umma undermined the authority of the Caliph as much as the continued expansion feeded the caliphate of baronies. This in particular seriously complicates the attempt to ideological unification of Uthman. The destruction of the original judeonazarene texts (their gospel and Torah in Syriac and Hebrew), collecting their catechetical sheets, preaching and propaganda (in Arabic) that we have already mentioned may by itself not suffice to constitute a corpus of ordered texts. When one begins to rewrite history, inconsistency are revealed, and to avoid it a manipulation must necessarily lead to another. The exaltation of Arabism of the new ummah has forced the removal of references to the Jewish component of the original umma, as we have seen. The abandonment of the Jerusalem cube requires to suppress or distort the statements that were made. And they better employ the best scribes to edit the text, reassemble, rearrange, change the playback order or change it, the book is titanic. On the one hand resists the text itself, it is very difficult to make it mean something it did not mean initially; and secondly, because still resisting the text are the remains in use within the ummah in form of scattered leaflets but especially in oral form. It can not be so easily manipulated at will. Since they rule by force, they can certainly several times enforce collections and subsequently to sending corrected and approved replaced texts but one can easily imagine how this would generate friction . They degenerate as time passes and with the successive leaders of the ummah; frankly they triggered the civil war between Emigrants. Thus the date of the murder of Uthman in Medina in 656 will be retained as the beginning of it, the first fitna. A political murder which is after all very logical if we consider the facts as cited above.
In Arabic "Halifat Llah fi l-'Ard"; with the invention of propheticism thereafter, at the end of the 7th century, this sense will slide towards that of "successor of the Prophet", still in the same logic in reverse, which aims to manipulate the past to justify the present. Yet, the current Quran still retains the sense of "lieutenant of God", as for example s38,26 "O David , we put you caliph on earth. " The Jewish King David can not be the successor to Muhammad!
John Fenek (John bar Penkaye) Syrian monk wrote of the Arabs from the end of the 7th century they sought only to raise taxes and wore no interest to peoples religions "There was no difference in treatment between pagans and Christians; no distinction with believers from the Jews. "
According to Ignacio Olag?e (The Arabs never invaded Spain, Flammarion 1969) citing Eulogius of Cordoba (857) and John of Seville (85, the conquest of Spain in the 8th century and was made without Quran or collection of religious texts -
Ali (656-661) and the first civil war
Ali, one of the "historic" qorechite Emigrants, took power after Uthman and tries to establish himself as caliph from 656. Faced with the religious manipulations of his predecessors, tradition has attributed to him a posteriori some loyalty the "religion", justified by family ties to Muhammad (he was his son) - one can indeed imagine him as particularly loyal to the "religion of Abraham" that sprung from the judeonazarenes he has longtime allied with. Added to this is the prestige of his active participation in the epic of the Qorechites during the Hijra and during the conquest, prestige earned him an aura, a certain ideological authority and many supporters. Yet he was involved in the acts of the elimination of judeonazarenes, erasing their memories and manipulation of the religion to suit political purposes (perhaps he was himself an Arab preacher bringing the judeonazarene project ).
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But he seems to have put more emphasis than his predecessors on the eschatological visions (that is to say about the end of times, which they are trying to provoke by the domination of religion, the coming of the messiah, his final battle against the Antichrist, key figure in judeonazarism and in the Christian revelation). His supporters will attribute to him in the future fundamental opposition to manipulations of Omar and Uthman . This reveals the extent of quarrels between the ambitions of the first Arab leaders. They had made of Ali and his party workers of fitna tearing the ummah, a fitna of which we have proposed a less simplistic view than the official Muslim history.
The civil war (the first fitna in the Muslim tradition) will take hold of most of the reign of Ali. The Arab expansion was interrupted by internecine struggles. We will retain in particular fierce opposition between Ali and Muawiyah. The latter was Uthmans parent, harbored views of the caliphate, and had always opposed Ali. Since his governorship of Syria, he extended his control to the entire Levant (current Syria, Palestine, Jordan) and Egypt. He drove back Ali, who will settle in Kufa, in southern Iraq today, a city which he made his capital and where his supporters prospered. And beyond these two protagonists, the different protesting factions multiply and compete within the umma, according to the reversal of alliances, corruptions and splits. And this is how the fitna will take place, ultimately because of Ali, since it will be he who is murdered in Kufa in 661 by former supporters of his cause being turned against him, the Kharijites.
In this regard, one should question the fundaments of the historical reality from which is perhaps derived the tradition of the so-called Caliphate Advisory Board (Caliphate of which there is no trace before Omar), the "mushawara " formed around 640. According to this tradition, consisting of Emigrants, Muhammads companions, among which we find three leaders of the ummah (Omar and Uthman in their lifetime, and of course Ali) and other characters (Zayd, Ubay, among others) very involved in the manipulation of religion "experts" of the Koran, such as Ubay, who had his own version which the caliphs (including Muawiya and Abdul Malik) sought to destroy desperately . Still managed to escape some traces, presenting significant differences with the "official" Koran.
We will see later how the pursuit of these manipulations complicates the search for historical truth, especially in what concerns the figure of the controversial Ali and his doctrinal orientation, probably having just formed, after all not so long after that of Otman. The study of differences between Shia (from the supporters and followers of Ali) and Sunni (from the caliphs of Damascus who will succeed him), however, makes it possible to draw some contours, with the risk of having attributed too much to Ali instead of to what Shiism much later will make of it with its formalization and religious crystallization of his opposition to the Caliphate.