@ mmkhan
by way of explanation - I read 3321 (where the Prophet Muhammad is referred to as an excellent model) with reference to the battle of the trench (as evidenced by the verses surrounding it). Also, 597 is made with reference to the division of war spoils. 604-5 refers to Abraham as a model (but we have no hadith from him - only what is given in the Quran).
"604-5 refers to Abraham as a model (but we have no hadith from him - only what is given in the Quran"
Exactly! We have many prophets and their stories and legacies in the Koran. The Koran says we should not seperate between any of the prophets. Yet its only when it comes to Muhammad are we told we need sources outside the Koran to follow. The Koran tells us that the story of Job is an inspiration for us, so is David and Goliath and what happened to Pharoah and Moses. But for some reason we are told that we need sources outside the Koran if we need to know Muhammad's legacy.
I think what happened is that the Ummayid and Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties that ruled Islam were all of Meccan orginis and they could not trace their heritage to any other prophet than Muhammad so they find it expedient to create hadiths with isnads going back to Muhammad. The fact that Muhammad was a Meccan and all the 4 "Caliphs" after him were Meccans meant that the Meccans can always trace their heritage to them.
What is interesting about the Sunnah is its place in Islam (Sunni/Shia Islam)
. Authority of the Sunnah
One thing that must be mentioned here is that many Muslims get confused between the general term of Sunnah, which includes all the sayings and actions of the Prophet, and between the term Sunnah when used in fiqh issues where it means "recommended". For example, since the Prophet used to pray 2 rak'at before fajr prayer, we say that it is Sunnah for us to pray these 2 rak'at, which means that it is recommended to pray these 2 rak'at and not obligatory.
In this article we are discussing the Sunnah in the general sense, and not in the fiqh sense. We are talking about the Sunnah as a source of Islamic legislation. Therefore, when we say it is obligatory to follow the Sunnah, we are talking about the Prophets commands for us in the Sunnah and not about the recommended actions such as the 2 rak'at before fajr for example. Please make sure that you understand the difference here.
What does the Authority of the Sunnah mean?
In Arabic, the wording is Hojjiyat As-Sunnah. This basically means that the Sunnah can be used as evidence in Shariah, and that Allah (swt) has ordered us to follow the Sunnah and avoid anything it has prohibited for us. In other words, this means that it is obligatory on every Muslim to believe in what the Sunnah tells us, and to act according to the Sunnah in all aspects of our life and ensure that we do not commit any actions that contradict the Sunnah.
The Sunnah and it's place in relation to the Holy Qur'an
The Sunnah can be divided into three parts
Confirming Sunnah. This is the part of the Sunnah that confirms what is in the Qur'an, and reinforces it.
Explanatory Sunnah. This part of the Sunnah explains the holy Qur'an and the various Shariah injunctions that come in the holy Qur'an. It includes four parts expanding on what is mentioned only briefly in the holy Qur'an, explaining difficult verses or issues, putting limits on general statements in the Qur'an and finally specifying generalities in the Qur'an.
Sunnah that brings new legislation. This part of the Sunnah is the one that brings new legislation, and new Shariah that is not in the holy Qur'an.
http//www.al-islami.com/islam/authority_of_sunnah.php
Notice this and this verse
10.15 But when Our Clear Signs are rehearsed unto them, those who rest not their hope on their meeting with Us, Say "Bring us a reading other than this, or change this," Say "It is not for me, of my own accord, to change it I follow naught but what is revealed unto me if I were to disobey my Lord, I should myself fear the penalty of a Great Day (to come)."
Here we are told by the Koran that the Meccans demanded Muhamamd to either bring another Quran or to change the Quran that came to him. Notice the answer given was that Muhammad did not have such authority and if he were to do that God will hold him accountable. Yet when we look at the role the Sunnah has in Sunni and Shia Islam, its exactly what the pagans of Mecca demanded. By introducing legislation not in the Kora, and by making general statements in the koran specific and making specific general, and if that won't work than delete the verses through abrogation, they basically brought a new Islam.
Muhammad's refusal to do what they wanted him to do meant that the Meccans had no choice but to fight him. They did not want the Koran as it is. Here is the biggest difference between the Koran and Sectarian islam, the authority of the prophet. In Sunni and Shia Islam, Muhammad had the authority to introduce, change and spin and delete the Koran while in the Koran Muhammad had no such authority. Because the prophetic authority is the highest authority a human can have, limited authority meant that no other human being and no ruler can have any authority higher than that authority. By elevating Muhammad's authority to an almost absolute authority that in the Koran is reserved only to God, the Sunnah has then made it possible for the rulers of Islam throught out history and to this day to have that absolute authority.
That kind of authority is impossible in a Koranic state. The only authority the Koran gave Muhammad over humans(other than preaching) is the authority to interfere when a human infringes on the right of another human. Anything else, like whether this person believes in God or not, whether he worships idols or not, whether he wants to give charity or be stingy, or whether he wants to obey the scriptures and the prophets or whether he wants to mock the scriptures and the prophets , whether he wants to sin or not, is not Muhammad's businness. Yet we see all Islamic countries today dictate and impose themselves on people. Apostasy laws, hijab laws, anti alcohol laws, state zakat imposed on people, banning of this and that and then punishing people by lashing or imprisoning or fining for what they believe are transgression against God and the commiting of sins. None of this is possible in a Koranic state because a Koranic state does not have such authority because the highest religious authority had no such authority.
The Koran is EXPLICIT about what authority Muhammad had. Notice many of these verses were abrogated by Sunni and Shia Islam precisely because it limited the authority of the state and the ruler.
1682 But if they turn away from you, your only duty is a clear delivery of the Message .
6107 Yet if God had so willed, they would not have ascribed Divinity to aught besides Him; hence, We have not made you their keeper, nor are you a guardian over them.
479-80 Say'Whatever good betides you is from God and whatever evil betides you is from your own self and that We have sent you to mankind only as a messenger and all sufficing is God as witness. Whoso obeys the Messenger, he indeed obeys God. And for those who turn away, We have not sent you as a keeper."
1128 He (Noah) said "O my people! think over it! If I act upon a clear direction from my Lord who has bestowed on me from Himself the Merciful talent of seeing the right way, a way which you cannot see for yourself, does it follow that we can force you to take the right path when you definitely decline to take it?
1753-54 And tell my servants that they should speak in a most kindly manner. Verily, Satan is always ready to stir up discord between men; for verily; Satan is mans foe .... Hence, We have not sent you with power to determine their Faith.
21107-109 (O Prophet?) 'We have not sent you except to be a mercy to all mankind" Declare, "Verily, what is revealed to me is this, your God is the only One God, so is it not up to you to bow down to Him?' But if they turn away then say, "I have delivered the Truth in a manner clear to one and all, and I know not whether the promised hour is near or far."
2267 To every people have We appointed ceremonial rites which they observe; therefore, let them not wrangle over this matter with you, but bid them to turn to your Lord. You indeed are rightly guided. But if they still dispute you in this matter, `God best knows what you do."
24.54. Say "Obey God, and obey the Messenger. but if ye turn away, he is only responsible for the duty placed on him and ye for that placed on you. If ye obey him, ye shall be on right guidance. The Messenger's duty is only to preach the clear (Message).
8821 22; And so, exhort them your task is only to exhort; you cannot compel them to believe.
4828 He it is Who has sent forth His Messenger with the Guidance and the Religion of Truth, to the end that tie make it prevail over every religion, and none can bear witness to the Truth as God does.
3616 17 (Three Messengers to their people) Said, "Our Sustainer knows that we have indeed been sent unto you, but we are not bound to more than clearly deliver the Message entrusted to us.'
3941 Assuredly, We have sent down the Book to you in right form for the good of man. Whoso guided himself by it does so to his own advantage, and whoso turns away from it does so at his own loss. You certainly are not their keeper.
426 48 And whoso takes for patrons others besides God, over them does God keep a watch. Mark, you are not a keeper over them. But if they turn aside from you (do not get disheartened), for We have not sent you to be a keeper over them; your task is but to preach ....
6412 Obey God then and obey the Messenger, but if you turn away (no blame shall attach to our Messenger), for the duty of Our Messenger is just to deliver the message.
6725 26 And they ask, "When shall the promise be fulfilled if you speak the Truth?" Say, "The knowledge of it is verily with God alone, and verily I am but a plain warner."
10.99-100. If it had been thy Lord's will, they would all have believed,- all who are on earth! wilt thou then compel mankind, against their will, to believe! No soul can believe, except by the will of God, and He will place doubt (or obscurity) on those who will not understand
28.55-56 And when they hear vain talk, they turn away therefrom and say "To us our deeds, and to you yours; peace be to you we seek not the ignorant," It is true thou wilt not be able to guide whom thou lovest; but God guides those whom He will and He knows best those who receive guidance.
109.1-6 Say O ye that reject Faith,! I worship not that which ye worship, Nor will ye worship that which I worship, And I will not worship that which ye have been wont to worship, Nor will ye worship that which I worship, To you be your Way, and to me mine.
74.11-17 Leave Me with whom I created alone!, To whom I granted resources in abundance, And sons to be by his side, To whom I made (life) smooth and comfortable, Yet is he greedy-that I should add (yet more);- By no means! For to Our Signs he has been refractory!, Soon will I visit him with a mount of calamities!
"So have We appointed for every Prophet an enemy - devils of men and Jinns; who inspire each other with seductive, deceptive speech which leads astray; but had thy Lord willed they would not have done so. So leave them with what they do devise. And let the hearts of those who believe not in the Hereafter listen to it; and let them be well pleased with it; and let them gain what they can gain!" 6113-114
"And when you see those who meddle with Our revelations, withdraw from them until they meddle with another topic. And if the devil causes you to forget, sit not, after the remembrance, with the congregation of wrongdoers. 668
2256 There is no compulsion in religion, for the right way is clearly from the wrong way. Whoever therefore rejects the forces of evil and believes in God, he has taken hold of a support most unfailing, which shall never give way, for God is All Hearing and Knowing
Notice that Al Shafi quoted some of these verses when he argued about the Sunnah ("obey God and obey His messenger", yet we can see these are the very verses that limited his authority. The irony is many Sunni authorities abrogated the very verses Al Shafi used. What they wanted from these "obey God and obey His messenger" verses was the first part of the verse but not the ending. The Sunni authority claimed that the so called sword verse (verse 95) and also verse 929 abrogated all these verses that gave Muhammad limited authority.
9.5 But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful
9.29. Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.
However if you look at these verses you can easily these were verses about battles with the Meccan pagans who were the ones who initiate hostilities
9.13. Will ye not fight people who violated their oaths, plotted to expel the Messenger, and took the aggressive by being the first (to assault) you? Do ye fear them? Nay, it is Allah Whom ye should more justly fear, if ye believe!
These two verses (9.5 and 9.29) verses they used to abrogate Muhammad's limited authority are all in defensive context. They had to abroagte many verses of the Koran because of the hadith in Bukhari
?Abdullah Ibn Muhammad Al-Musnadi narrated from Abu Rawh Al-Harami Ibn ?Umarah from Shu?ba from Waqid Ibn Muhammad who heard from his father from Ibn ?Umar that the Messenger of Allah said, ?I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and establish the prayer, and pay the zakat. If they do that, their lives and property are protected from me except for the right of Islam, and their reckoning is up to Allah.?
This moved the authority to fight from defensive to offensive and thereby started the era of the so called Islamic conquest (ghazu). Notice how the hadith states that Muhhamd said "I was ordered or commanded" (meaning by God) differs radically than what the Koran actually commanded and ordered the prophet to do. The God of the Koran did a very different ordering and commanding than the God of the Sunnah.
10.15 But when Our Clear Signs are rehearsed unto them, those who rest not their hope on their meeting with Us, Say "Bring us a reading other than this, or change this," Say "It is not for me, of my own accord, to change it I follow naught but what is revealed unto me if I were to disobey my Lord, I should myself fear the penalty of a Great Day (to come)."
Bring us another reading other than this, another words another Koran and another revelation, exactly what Al Shafi said when he claimed than another revelation OTHER than the Koran came to Muhammad. Or change it meaning changing its laws by introducing new legislation and deleting Koranic commands and legislations or making general statements(like Christians and Jews who believe in God will go to heaven) specific or specifc statements in the Koran (like Jizya) general. So now we know why the Sunnah came about.